2009中考英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法匯總及練習(xí)
一.概念
英語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法,轉(zhuǎn)化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和詞首字母縮略法.
1.轉(zhuǎn)化法
英語(yǔ)中，有的名詞可作動(dòng)詞，有的形容詞可作副詞或動(dòng)詞，這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。
1)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
很多動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，大多意思沒有多大的變化(如下①)；有時(shí)意思有一定變化(如下②)；有的與一個(gè)動(dòng)詞和不定冠詞構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作(如下③)。例如：
①Let's go out for a walk.我們到外面去散散步吧。
②He is a man of strong build.他是一個(gè)體格健壯的漢子。
③Let's have a swim.咱們游泳吧。
2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
很多表示物件(如下①)、身體部位(如下②)、某類人(如下③)的名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示動(dòng)作，某些抽象名詞(如下④)也可作動(dòng)詞。例如：
�、貲id you book a seat on the plane?你訂好飛機(jī)座位了嗎?
②Please hand me the book.請(qǐng)把那本書遞給我。
�、跾he nursed her husband back to health.她看護(hù)丈夫，使他恢復(fù)了健康。
�、躓e lunched together.我們?cè)谝黄鸪粤宋绮汀?
3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
有少數(shù)形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如：
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。
4)副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
有少數(shù)副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如：
Murder will out.(諺語(yǔ))惡事終必將敗露。
5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
表示顏色的形容詞常可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞(如下①)；某些形容詞如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等與the連用，表示一類人，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)(如下②)。例如：
You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬禮中該穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life.我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。
在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫作派生法。
1)前綴
除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，不改變?cè)~性；后綴一般改變?cè)~類，而不引起詞義的變化。
(1)表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。例如：
appear出現(xiàn)→disappear消失
correct正確的→incorrect不正確的
lead帶領(lǐng)→mislead領(lǐng)錯(cuò)
stop停下→non-stop不停
(2)表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)形容詞), anti- (反對(duì)；抵抗), auto- (自動(dòng)), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (強(qiáng)調(diào)距離)等。例如：
alone單獨(dú)的antigas防毒氣的
autochart自動(dòng)圖表
cooperate合作enjoy使高興
internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)reuse再用
subway地鐵telephone電話
2)后綴
英語(yǔ)單詞不僅可以通過加前綴構(gòu)成新詞，也可加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。后綴通常會(huì)改變單詞的詞性，構(gòu)成意義相近的其他詞性；少數(shù)后綴還會(huì)改變?cè)~義，變?yōu)榕c原來(lái)詞義相反的新詞。
(1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (從事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (專業(yè)人員)，-ment (性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-ness (性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-tion(動(dòng)作；過程)等。例如：
differ不同于→difference區(qū)別
write寫→writer作家
Japan日本→Japanese日本人
act表演→actress女演員
mouth口→mouthful一口
music音樂→musician音樂家
(2)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容詞之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成為)。例如：
wide→widen加寬
beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify提純
real→realize意識(shí)到
organ→organize組織
(3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al，
-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某國(guó)人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名詞后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某國(guó)人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天氣)等。例如：
nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美國(guó)→American美國(guó)的
China中國(guó)→Chinese中國(guó)人的
gold金子→golden金的
east東→eastern東方的
child孩子→childish孩子氣的
snow雪→snowy雪的
(4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有-ly (主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如：
angry生氣的→angrily生氣地
to到→towards朝……，向……
east東方→eastward向東
(5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen (十幾)，-ty (幾十)，-th (構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞)。例如：
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六
four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
1)合成名詞
構(gòu)成方式例詞
名詞＋名詞weekend周末
名詞＋動(dòng)詞daybreak黎明
名詞＋動(dòng)名詞handwriting書法
名詞＋及物動(dòng)詞＋er／or pain-killer止痛藥
名詞＋介詞＋名詞editor-in-chief總編輯
代詞＋名詞she-wolf母狼
動(dòng)詞＋名詞typewriter打字機(jī)
動(dòng)名詞＋名詞reading-room閱覽室
現(xiàn)在分詞＋名詞flying-fish飛魚
形容詞＋名詞gentleman紳士
副詞＋動(dòng)詞outbreak爆發(fā)
介詞＋名詞afternoon下午
2)合成形容詞
名詞＋形容詞snow-white雪白的
名詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking講英語(yǔ)的
名詞＋to＋名詞face-to-face面對(duì)面的
名詞＋過去分詞man-made人造的
數(shù)詞＋名詞one-way單行的
數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞two-year-old兩歲的
數(shù)詞＋名詞＋ed five-storeyed五層的
動(dòng)詞＋副詞see-through透明的
形容詞＋名詞high-class高級(jí)的
形容詞＋名詞＋ed noble-minded高尚的
形容詞＋形容詞light-blue淺藍(lán)色的
形容詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking相貌好看的
副詞＋形容詞ever-green常青的
副詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working勤勞的
副詞＋過去分詞well-known著名的
副詞＋名詞fast-food專門提供快餐服務(wù)的
介詞＋名詞downhill下坡的
3)合成動(dòng)詞
名詞＋動(dòng)詞sleep-walk夢(mèng)游
形容詞＋動(dòng)詞white-wash粉刷
副詞＋動(dòng)詞overthrow推翻
4)合成副詞
形容詞＋名詞hotfoot匆忙地
形容詞＋副詞everywhere到處
副詞＋副詞however盡管如此
介詞＋名詞beforehand事先
介詞＋副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)
5)合成代詞
代詞賓格＋self herself她自己
物主代詞＋self myself我自己
形容詞＋名詞anything任何東西
6)合成介詞
副詞＋名詞inside在……里面
介詞＋副詞within在……之內(nèi)
副詞＋介詞into進(jìn)入
截短法，即將單詞縮寫，詞義和詞性保持不變，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。
1)截頭
telephone→phone
aeroplane→plane
omnibus→bus
2)去尾
mathematics→maths
co-operate→co-op
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3)截頭去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
混合法，即將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞。后半部分表示主體；前半部分表示屬性。
news broadcast→newscast新聞廣播
television broadcast→telecast電視播送
smoke and fog→smog煙霧
helicopter airport→heliport直升飛機(jī)場(chǎng)
首尾字母縮略法，即用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式，即各字母分別讀音；作為一個(gè)單詞讀音。
very important person→VIP (讀字母音)要人；大人物
television→TV (讀字母音)電視
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Nato
1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness
2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A.die B.dead C.died D.death
3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad
4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.
A.chemistry B.chemical
C.chemist D.physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.
A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged
6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely
8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.
A.satisfied B.satisfactory
C.satisfying D.satisfaction
9.―What are you doing here?
―Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
―You can write________passage in English?
A.600 words；a 600-words
B.600-word；a 600-words
C.600 words；a 600-word
D.600 words；a 600-words
10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A.permit B.permission
C.permitting D.permittence
11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A.headquarters B.headline
C.headmaster D.headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.
A.intend B.intention
C.intentionally D.intentional
13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A.practice B.practise
C.practical D.practiced
14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A.judger B.judgment
C.judge D.judgement
15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?
A.lately B.latest
C.later D.latter
16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A.longer B.length
C.long D.longing
17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.
A.joy B.joyful
C.joyless D.joyness
18.Canada is mainly an________country.
A.English-speaking B.speak-English
C.spoken-English D.English-spoken
19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A.foolish；foolishly；fool
B.fool；foolish；fool
C.foolish；fool；fool
D.foolishly；foolish；fool
20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.
A.valuable B.value
C.valueless D.unvaluable
21.There were________fish in the river in South America.
A.in danger B.danger
C.dangerous D.dangerless
22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.
A.sound B.silent
C.silence D.sounded
23.The child looked at me________.
A.stranger B.strangely
C.strange D.strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A.free B.freely
C.freedom D.frees
25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A.reasonable B.reasonful
C.reasonless D.unreason
26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.
A.advance B.advancing
C.advantage D.advanced
27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A.nearby B.near
C.nearly D.near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.
A.official；officer；office
B.officer；office；official
C.official；official；official
D.officer；official；office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A.health B.healthy
C.healthily D.healthier
30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.
A.Honestly B.Honest C.Honesty D.Dishonest
化學(xué)專題輔導(dǎo)10
專題十：有機(jī)推斷題的突破
[命題趨向]
《考試大綱》中的要求是：
（1）以甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、1，3-丁二烯、苯等典型烴類化合物為例，了解烴類化合物的基本性質(zhì)、烴類化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、烴類化合物的用途等。并能結(jié)合同系列原理加以應(yīng)用，解決一些有關(guān)烴類化合物的實(shí)際問題。
（2）掌握溴乙烷、乙醇、乙醛、乙酸等的分子結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)和用途。了解乙二醇、丙三醇等的性質(zhì)和用途。以乙醇為例了解醇類性質(zhì)與官能團(tuán)（羥基）的聯(lián)系以苯酚為例了解酚羥基在化合物中的作用和酚類物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)。以乙醛為例了解醛基在化合物中的作用、醛類物質(zhì)的化學(xué)通性。了解甲醛的特性、酚醛樹脂的制法。了解甲酸、乙二酸、苯甲酸、油酸、硬脂酸和軟脂酸的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)。以乙酸乙脂為例了解酯類物質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)和用途，了解肥皂的制取過程。
（3）熟悉葡萄糖的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)，從中進(jìn)一步了解糖類的基本組成和結(jié)構(gòu)、主要性質(zhì)和用途；了解常見二糖和多糖的基本組成、性質(zhì)和用途；了解有機(jī)物的主要來(lái)源、農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品和化工等知識(shí)。了解蛋白質(zhì)的基本組成和結(jié)構(gòu)、主要性質(zhì)和作用；了解氨基酸的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)；了解肽的結(jié)構(gòu)特征。
（4）綜合應(yīng)用各類化合物的不同性質(zhì)，進(jìn)行區(qū)別、鑒定、分離、提純或推導(dǎo)未知物的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式．組合多個(gè)化合物的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，合成具有指定結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式的產(chǎn)物。
近幾年高考中常見題型有：
（1）高分子化合物與單體的相互判斷，常以選擇題的形式出現(xiàn)。這類試題可以較好地測(cè)試有機(jī)反應(yīng)、有機(jī)物結(jié)構(gòu)等多方面的知識(shí)，也成了高考的保留題型之一，復(fù)習(xí)中一定要加以重視。
（2）有機(jī)綜合推斷題。鹵代烷烴能發(fā)生消去反應(yīng)生成烯烴、發(fā)生取代反應(yīng)生成醇、醇跟烯烴也能相互轉(zhuǎn)化，這種轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系可表示為：
理解這一轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系時(shí)要注意，理論上講所有的鹵代烷烴和醇都能發(fā)生取代反應(yīng)，但鹵代烴或醇的消去反應(yīng)有一定結(jié)構(gòu)要求，如一氯甲烷、ClCH
[知識(shí)體系和復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)]
1．有機(jī)物相互網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖：
2．醇、醛、酸、酯轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系：
醇經(jīng)氧化可轉(zhuǎn)化醛、醛被氧化生成酸、羧酸跟醇反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物是酯，這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系的本質(zhì)可表示為（其中X、R代表某種基團(tuán)）：
這是有機(jī)化學(xué)中的主干知識(shí)，是高考有機(jī)框圖推斷題出現(xiàn)頻度最大“題眼信息”之一。
[典型題析]
[例1] （2004年江蘇高考化學(xué)試題）有4種有機(jī)物：①
，②
，③
，④CH3-CH=CH-CN，其中可用于合成結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式為
的高分子材料的正確組合為（ ）
A．①③④ B．①②③ C．①②④ D．②③④
[解析]答案選D�？疾閺母叻肿踊衔锏慕Y(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式分析相應(yīng)單體結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式的能力。高中化學(xué)課本中出現(xiàn)過多個(gè)合成高分子化合物的化學(xué)方程式，如乙烯生成聚乙烯、氯乙烯生成聚氯乙烯等。這是編制這類試題的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)。要求學(xué)生判斷一種“新”的高分子化合物的單體，可以更好地測(cè)試考生的知識(shí)水平和判斷能力。將高分子化合物如下所示“切”成三段，可發(fā)現(xiàn)中間一段的主鏈上含有
“C=C”，所以必定單體之一。右段對(duì)應(yīng)的單體是，左段對(duì)應(yīng)的單體是CH3-CH=CH-CN。
所以答案選D。有的同學(xué)由于沒有弄清①、④的差別，會(huì)錯(cuò)選B。也有同學(xué)會(huì)從“1,3 ?丁二烯型加聚”分析，遇到障礙，實(shí)際上在《考試大綱》已將丁二烯的內(nèi)容刪除。
[例2]（2003年浙江等省高考理綜試題）根據(jù)圖示填空。
（1）化合物A含有的官能團(tuán)是_________________。
（2）1molA與2molH2反應(yīng)生成1molE，其反應(yīng)方程式是__________________。
（3）與A具有相同官能團(tuán)的A的同分異構(gòu)體的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式是___________________。
（4）B在酸性條件下與Br2反應(yīng)得到D，D的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式是_____________________。
（5）F的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式是__________。由E生成F的反應(yīng)類型是______________。
[解析] （1）碳碳雙鍵、醛基、羧基。
（2）OHCCH=CHCOOH+2H2
HOCH2CH2CH2COOH。
（3）A分子中有三種官能團(tuán)，所以符合題示條件的異構(gòu)體只有
。
（4）要注意是在酸性條件下反應(yīng)，所以產(chǎn)物是HOOCCHBrCHBrCOOH。
（5）
。酯化（或取代）。
[例3] 通常情況下，多個(gè)羥基連在同一個(gè)碳原子上的分子結(jié)構(gòu)是不穩(wěn)定的，容易自動(dòng)失水，生成碳氧雙鍵的結(jié)構(gòu)：
下面是9個(gè)化合物的轉(zhuǎn)變關(guān)系：
（1）化合物①是__________，它跟氯氣發(fā)生反應(yīng)的條件A是__________。
（2）化合物⑤跟⑦可在酸的催化下去水生成化合物⑨， ⑨的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式是：_______；名稱是______________________________________。
（3）化合物⑨是重要的定香劑，香料工業(yè)上常用化合物⑧和②直接合成它。寫出此反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式。
[解析]試題中的新信息和轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系圖給解題者設(shè)置了一個(gè)新的情景，但從其所涉及的知識(shí)內(nèi)容來(lái)看，只不過是烴的衍生物中最基礎(chǔ)的醇、醛、酸、酯的性質(zhì)和質(zhì)量守恒定律等知識(shí)內(nèi)容。
題給轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系圖雖不完整，但還是容易得出①是甲苯，②、③、④是甲苯中甲基上氫原子被氯取代后的產(chǎn)物，進(jìn)而可推知②是C6H5CH2Cl、④C6H5CCl3、⑦是C6H5COOH。所以⑨是苯甲酸苯甲酯。苯甲酸的酸性比碳酸強(qiáng)，所以苯甲酸可以跟碳酸鈉反應(yīng)生成苯甲酸鈉，反應(yīng)②是：苯甲酸鈉+苯甲醇→苯甲酸苯甲酯，根據(jù)質(zhì)量守恒定律可得出該反應(yīng)的另一種產(chǎn)物應(yīng)該是氯化鈉。答案為：
（1）甲苯，光照。（2）C6H5COOCH
（3）
。
[考題預(yù)測(cè)與專題訓(xùn)練]
1．（1）分別由聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯為原料制成的兩種塑料袋，鑒別的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法是______________________________，寫出有關(guān)的化學(xué)方程式__________________________。
（2）Nomex纖維是一種新型的阻燃性纖維，它可由間二甲苯和間二胺在一定條件下以等物質(zhì)的量縮聚而成，請(qǐng)完成該化學(xué)方程式，并配平。
（3）某種高強(qiáng)度的纖維由三種單體組成，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：
則這三種單體的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式分別為_____________、______________、_____________。
2．某種ABS工程樹脂，由丙烯腈（CH2＝CHCN，符號(hào)A）、1，3－丁二烯（CH2＝CHCH＝CH2，符號(hào)B）和苯乙烯（
，符號(hào)S）按一定配比共聚而得。
（1）A、B和S三種單體，碳?xì)浔龋–:H）值最小的單體是_____。
（2）經(jīng)元素分析可知該ABS樣品的組成為CaHbNc（a、b、c為正整數(shù)），則原料中A和B的物質(zhì)的量之比是_____（用a、b、c表示）。
3．有機(jī)物A的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式為
，從A出發(fā)，可發(fā)生圖示中的一系列反應(yīng)。其中M屬于高分子化合物，J和K互為同分異構(gòu)體，N的產(chǎn)量可作為衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家石油化工發(fā)展水平的標(biāo)志。
④甲醛分子中4個(gè)原子共平面。
請(qǐng)寫出：
（1）下列反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式（注明反應(yīng)條件并配平）
H→M________________________；D+I→K_____________________。
（2）寫出下列物質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式：J____________；P__________________。
（3）與B互為同分異構(gòu)體，屬于酯類且含有苯環(huán)的化合物有_____種。
（4）C分子中處于同一平面的原子最多可有__________個(gè)。
4．CO不僅是家用煤氣的主要成份，也是重要的化工原料。美國(guó)近年來(lái)報(bào)導(dǎo)了一種低溫低壓催化工藝，把某些簡(jiǎn)單有機(jī)物經(jīng)“羰化”反應(yīng)后可以最后產(chǎn)生一類具有優(yōu)良性能的裝飾性高分子涂料、粘膠劑等。有下圖所示：
圖中G（RCOOR/）有一種同分異構(gòu)體是E的相鄰?fù)滴铮欢鳫的一種同分異構(gòu)體則是F的相鄰?fù)滴�。已知D由CO和H2按物質(zhì)的量之比為1：2完全反應(yīng)而成，其氧化物可發(fā)生銀鏡反應(yīng)；H是含有4個(gè)碳原子的化合物。試寫出：
（1）結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式：E_____________、G______________、R/基______________。
（2）G的兩個(gè)同類別同分異構(gòu)體的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式（不帶R字母）_________及__________。
（3）反應(yīng)類型：X_____________、Y_________________、Z_________________。
（4）完成下列化學(xué)方程式：
A+CO+H2OE：______________________________________________；
F+D
H：_________________。
5．膽結(jié)石的成因有兩種，一種為無(wú)機(jī)鈣鹽，一種為膽固醇型。前者需手術(shù)治療，后者則有人設(shè)計(jì)用甲基叔丁基醚制成針劑，注射病灶部位后，適時(shí)再將病灶處的液體抽取出來(lái)的治療方案。請(qǐng)回答：
（1）在用甲基叔丁基醚治療膽固醇型結(jié)石的過程中，甲基叔丁基醚可使膽固醇型結(jié)石（填選項(xiàng)字母）表現(xiàn)了________。
（A）溶解性 （B）變性 （C）氧化性 （D）分解為氣體的性質(zhì)
（2）現(xiàn)有甲、乙、丙、丁四種制備甲基叔丁基醚的方案。
甲、CH3ONa+(CH3)3CCl
CH3OC(CH3)3+NaCl
乙、CH3Cl+(CH3)3CONa
CH3OC(CH3)3+NaCl
丙、CH3I+(CH3)3CONaCH3OC(CH3)3+NaI
丁、CH3OH+(CH3)3COH
CH3OC(CH3)3+H2O
提示：①通常鹵代烴可以水解生成醇，也可以消去鹵化氫（HX）生成不飽和烴，即
CH3CH2X
CH3CH2OH CH3CH2X
CH2=CH2
②脫去HX的難易程度為(CH3)3CX>(CH3)2CHX>CH3CH2X;
③常溫下，上述原料中只有CH3Cl為氣體，其它試劑均為液態(tài)�，F(xiàn)已知上述四種方案中丙為最佳。因?yàn)橐后w反應(yīng)物之間接觸面積大，易于反應(yīng)，且沒有副產(chǎn)物生成。綜合上述所給提示，請(qǐng)分析甲、乙、丁方案的不妥之處。
甲________________________________。乙_________________________________。
丁________________________________。
6．有機(jī)合成粘合劑是生產(chǎn)和生活中一類重要的材料，粘合的過程一般是呈液態(tài)的粘合劑小分子，經(jīng)化學(xué)反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為大分子或高分子而固化。
（1）“502膠”是一種快干膠，其成分為
-氰基丙烯酸乙酯（CH2=C(CN)COOCH2CH3），當(dāng)暴露在空氣中時(shí)，微量的水起催化作用，使其發(fā)生碳碳雙鍵的加聚反應(yīng)而迅速固化，幾秒鐘即可將被粘物牢牢粘在一起。請(qǐng)寫出“502膠”發(fā)生粘合作用的化學(xué)方程式。
（2）厭氧膠（主要成分為CH2=CHCOOCH2CH2OOCCH=CH2）是另一種粘合劑，它與“502膠”不同，可在空氣中長(zhǎng)期儲(chǔ)存，但在隔絕空氣（缺氧）時(shí)，分子中的雙鍵斷開發(fā)生聚合而固化。在工業(yè)上用丙烯酸和某物質(zhì)在一定條件下反應(yīng)可制得這種粘合劑。則這一制取過程的化學(xué)反應(yīng)的方程式為____________________________________________。
（3）白乳膠發(fā)生粘合過程的化學(xué)機(jī)理與上述兩種粘合劑相似，其主要成分為醋酸乙烯酯（CH3COOCH=CH2）。醋酸乙烯酯含有-CH=CH-結(jié)構(gòu)的同分異構(gòu)體很多，但含有
結(jié)構(gòu)的物質(zhì)不能穩(wěn)定存在。除下列物質(zhì)外CH2=CHCOOCH3、HCOOCH=CH-CH3、HCOCH(OH)CH=CH2、HCOOCH=CH-CH3。
請(qǐng)寫出另外符合上述要求、并且屬于酯類物質(zhì)的同分異構(gòu)體的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式（任寫四種）：
_____________________________________________________________________。
（4）已知：2CH3OH+HCHO
CH3OCH2OCH3+H2O反應(yīng)可以發(fā)生。聚乙烯醇（
）也是一種粘合劑，其水溶液可做普通膠水使用。它分子中的羥基可全部與丁醛縮合脫水，得到含有六元環(huán)的高分子化合物----聚乙烯醇縮丁醛，其粘合能力遠(yuǎn)比聚乙烯醇強(qiáng)，廣泛應(yīng)用于防彈玻璃、飛機(jī)艙玻璃的膠接。請(qǐng)寫出制取聚乙烯醇縮丁醛粘合劑的化學(xué)方程式：______________________________________________。
2009高考物理專題沖刺六
（命題范圍： 分子動(dòng)理論、物態(tài)和物態(tài)變化、熱力學(xué)定律）
說明：本試卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷兩部分，共150分；答題時(shí)間120分鐘．
第Ⅰ卷（選擇題，共40分）
2009高考物理專題沖刺五
命題范圍：機(jī)械振動(dòng) 機(jī)械波 光、電磁振蕩、電磁波、相對(duì)論
說明：本試卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷兩部分，共150分；答題時(shí)間120分鐘．
第Ⅰ卷（選擇題，共40分）
2009年中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總及練習(xí)
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài):
初中英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)主要有五種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來(lái)時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
1. 一般現(xiàn)時(shí)的用法：主要由動(dòng)詞原形表示，但在第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)要在詞尾加-s 。否定句和疑問句要用助動(dòng)詞do, does.
A. 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如The
trees get green in spring . 。
B現(xiàn)在特征或狀態(tài)。如The Changjiang
River is the longest in our country.
He doesn` t work in the factory .
C.普遍真理。如The sun rises
in the east . Five and two in seven .
2現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞be 的人稱形式加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。
主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
Where are they swimming? They are swimming in the river.
有些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示近期按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。這些動(dòng)詞是：go
,come, leave ,start ,arrive , return ,work sleep,stay,play,do,have ,wear…..
She is coming to see me tomorrow.
3． 一般將來(lái)時(shí)： 主要表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。
由助動(dòng)詞shall
或will加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。/ be
going to 加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成
It won’t rain tonight . I shall meet you at the station.
He is going to have a swim tomorrow.
4.一般過去時(shí)：由動(dòng)詞的過去式表示。
表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。包括過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如；
Did you knock at the door just now? / He finished reading the book
yesterday.
5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：由have的人稱形式加過去分詞構(gòu)成
A 到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
I have lent my book to Ann. 我把書借給了安。
He has never seen a real tiger. 他從來(lái)沒有見過真老虎。
B、從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：
She has lived here since 1991. 從一九九一年起她就住在這里。
時(shí) 態(tài) 常用的時(shí)間副詞
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) every(
year,otherday ,twodays,week,month…) ,often ,always,usually ,sometimes, in the
morning,in summer,on Sunday
一般過去時(shí) last
week, just now,yesterday, yeaterday morning ,the day before yesterday,then,
at that moment,(a few days) ago,
一般將來(lái)時(shí) tomorrow,
next month, in two days,
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) now
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) since ,for（one year….）, just, already, yet ,in the last five years, …before.so far
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 Be有人稱，數(shù)量和時(shí)態(tài)變化。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：be (is am are) +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
一般過去時(shí)：be (was were)+ 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去分詞：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)填空：
1. Light_________(travel)faster than sound. He _______(get) up early in
the morning
2. John usually ________(go) home on Sunday morning.
3. Cats ________(like ) fish while dogs _______ (like ).
4. He always__________(sleep) with his windows open.
5. One tree ___________(not make) a wood. Two and three_______(be )
five .
6. I ______(say ) you are wrong. Everything _______(go )well in spring .
7. He_________(not wok) on Sundays. He _______(take) a walk after supper.
8. Lucy ________(prefer) coffee to milk. Lily ________(hate) traveling.
9. Children _______(love ) to play games. The boy _____(look ) like his
mother.
10. The sun _______(rise ) in the east and ______(go) down in the west.
11. Where ______you ______(go ) just now? I _______(go) to the
library.
12. He______(live) in
for three months. He ________(live) there by the end of this year.
13. He _______(pay) ten yuan for his new book yesterday. It ______(cost)
him so little.
14. What _____you _____(wear )yesterday? I _______(wear ) a blue skirt.
15. He ______(feel ) very tired last night ,he ____(fall) asleep very
quickly .
16. He______(say )he ______( will)write to me as soon as he came home.
17. He ______(take )his temperature half an hour ago.
18. We ________(win ) the league match last week, we ______(be ) the winners.
19. She ______(keep)me waiting for an hour last night . She ______(be
)late.
20. He ______(find )it difficult to get to sleep. because he
_______(be)too glad.
21. He ________(read ) a book when I ______(see) her .
22. Great changes _______(happen ) in the village last year.
23. He ____(drive ) to
24. Just now ,he ______(mistake ) me for Lucy.
25. What ______you _____(do )now ? I ________(look) for my pen .
26. Look ,they ______(read)over there， others _______(dance)under the tall tree.
27. Listen ,someone___________(sing)English songs next room.
28. It’s five o’clock. . I________(do )my homework, My brother
__________(play)games , my mother _________(cook) supper, my father
________(mend ) his car in the garden.
29. Tom __________(fly ) kites with his classmates on the hill now.
30. Who ____________(wash ) clothes over there ? It’s my mother.
31. ______you _______(look ) for a ball? Yes .I am .
32. He _______always _______(try )out his new ideas.
33. The world population __________(grow ) faster and faster .
34. What _______Lucy _________(wear) today ? She _______(wear)a dark blue
skirt.
35. ______you _______( make )a cake ? No . I__________(make) dumplings.
36. It________(rain )hard now. If it_________(not stop ) ,we________(not
go )to the park.
37. The children ________(go )the park next week.They ________(have )a
good time there.
38. He with his father _________(play)football tomorrow .
39. My friend _________ (come) to see me in two days.
40. What ______you _______(do )this Sunday ? Nothing much . ______we
______( go )shopping?
That’s a good idea. When ______we ______(meet) ?
41. There __________(be )a football match the day after tomorrow.
42. Jim __________(have ) a swim this evening. After that ,he ________(do
)his homework.
43. ClassThree __________(not have )any classes next week.
44. I________(buy )a skirt for my daughter next month.
45. _______you_______(start)your homework? Yes, but I_________(not
finish) it yet.
46. What ________you________(do )with the library book? I_____just
_______(return)it .
47. Excuse me . I ________(lose ) my cat. _____you ______(see) it
anywhere?
48. If I _______(lose )the book, I must pay for it.
49. I_______( come )to get my pan back. . ______you _______( finish)using
it? Not yet.
50. _____you ever _______(milk) a cow? No, never.
51. How long _____you ______( be) at this school ? For two years.
52. He ________(teach ) in this school for ten years . I_________( live
)here since last year.
53. More than two days ________(pass) since we left.
54. _______you ______(take )her temperature? Yes, I have. I_______(have)a
cold for a week.
55. _______you _______(sleep )well? Yes, I ______(sleep)well all night.
56．I_______ never________(hear)of that before.
56. Chinese _________(speak ) by the largest people in the world.
57. This bike _______(make ) in
58. Metal _________(use)for making machines.
59. Sheep _________(keep) farmers for producing wool and mutton.
60. The watch _________(buy) two years ago . It _________(buy) for two
years.
61. The bike _________(use ) for ten years. It ________(break )down for
two months.
62. ______you ______(wear )it a lot ? Yes . It _______(wear ) for ten
years.
63. The young tree must __________(tie ) to the stick.
64. Trees should __________(plant ) in spring .
65. Silk ________(produce ) in
66. Some of the things ________(show ) in the museum now .
67. The PRC _________(found)on October 1,1949.
68. The lost boy _______(find ) yesterday.
69. The book _________(write ) in English It can
__________(read ) by many people.
70. Old people should ___________(speak )to politely .
71. The teacher should ____________(listen ) to carefully.
72. She _________(surprise ) at the news just now.
73. She __________(see)to run into the room by me five minutes ago.
74. The ground _________(cover) with snow in winter.
75. Fruit should __________(harvest) at the right time.
76. There are twenty more trees to___________(plant).
77. He ________(mistake ) for Jim by the man yesterday.
78. Great changes_________(happen ) in the village since 1985.
79. The cheapest pen ________(choose ) by him at last .
80. The car must ___________(drive ) slowly by old men.
綜合練習(xí)：
1. The girl _____(draw ) a co on the blackboard with chalk now.
2. When_____ you ______(lose ) the book?
3. How many times ______your uncle ____ (be )to
4. The girl always _______(prefer) Chinese to maths .
5. The girl _______(learn )to milk since last year .
6. ?What`s the girl crying for? --- She ______(cut) her
finger.
7. Stop ______.(guess). Mrs Hu has told me who won the high jump.
8. The dog often ____(follow)the young man everywhere.
9. Can you _______(guess) it isn`t his ?
0. Hurry up, or you(catch)______ the train .
11. Rechard ________(give) you a call as soon as you comes back.
12. The little boy hurt his head . He _____(need) an operation at once.
13. Don`t worry. We _______(send) for the policemen.
14. My radio _______ (break).I can`t listen to it.
15. Robert lay quietly while the doctors ________ (operate) on him.
16. Don`t worry .They_______ (take) good care of your sin if you go to
save the soldiers.
17. Most people _______(hate) the bad weather.
18. The spy ________ (cover) the blanks while the policemen came in .
19. Don`t go to see him . He _________(change) his mind .
20. Jim ______ (make) a few friends since he came to
21. Don`t worry. The foreign children _______ (get ) on well on well with
their classmates.
22. Who _______(wear) the sweater outside last night?
23. Look. You brother ________(fight) with John.
24. _______ the door ______ ?(lock)
25. Glasses _________ (make)of glass .
26. Silk _______(sell) in some shops in the town..
27. The factory _________(produce) machines.
28. Do you know the Frenchman/ Yes , I__________(know ) him for two years.
29. The farmers often _________( sell) their vegetables in the market.
30. How many televisions ___________(make ) in the factory last week?
31. Athermos is used for _________(keep ) the water hot.
32. Can the motorbike _________?(ride)
33. The old woman __________ (lock ) the box when she goes out .
34. Don’t be afraid . The dog must _________(tie ) to the tree.
35. All the new words __________(not look ) up in the dictionary yet .
36. How many babies __________(bear) in the world every year”
37. The woman _______(have ) ababy this morning.
38. The shoes in your size __________(sell) out.
39. Jack fell over while he ______(pass0 the stick on to the second runner.
40. Sorry , I kept you ________(wait) so long.
41. The boy is always made ________(wash ) his face in the morning.
42. What _______(be) the population in the world by the end of this
century?
43. Mr Brown has stopped smoking since he ________(operate ) on ?
44. Tom said he ______(be) a teacher when he grew up.
45. His jacket _______(wear ) out . He wants to buy a new one .
46. The woman _______(seem)always angry.
47. Will you go to see the film? Thanks, but _________(see) it ?
48. Miss Li ________(be )
49. When will you finish ______the book ?(write )
50. I ______(leave ) my pen in the bedroom . I have to write with a
pencil.
51. Stop talking . The headmaster _________(come).
52. The book can ________(keep) for two weeks.
53. After supper she went on _________(do) her homework.
54. It was a cold night . An old man _______(lie) under a chair in the
park.
55. Doctors _________(need ) in every part of the world.
56. She ______(say ) she works in an office.
57. His father ________(die ) for two months .
58. By the end of this month , Bill ________(catch) up with Bruce.
59. Why _______you always ______(follow) me?
60. The girl _______(hurry ) off just now .
61. How much ________you _______(spend) on the next travel ?
62. Mr Brown _______(come) in ten minutes
63. All the children ________(take ) good care of in the school.
64. I ________(go ) with you if you agree with me .
65. What _______(happen ) at the corner of the street now?
66. The young man was very lazy , so he ________(send ) away .
67. The woman ________(not hear ) from her husband since last April .
68. The boy was sad because his team _______(beat ).
69. Two of the players _____ (hurt ) while playing football.
70. Please go and see a film with me when you ______ (finish)
71. How soon _____ you ______ (go ) again to
72. Could you tell me what _______ (grow ) in the South ?
73. His little sister ______ still _____ (sleep ) when he ______ (get ) up
yesterday.
74. I`ll pass the message on to Luny as soon as I ________ (see ) her next
week .
75. Mum _______ (have ) supper at six every evening.
76. What ______ this _____ (call ) in English ?
77. Do you feel like ______ (walk ) to the corner with me ?
78. Each of the pupils _______ an hour to finish the paper yesterday.(
give )
79. Your uncle _____ under the tree , isn`t he ? (lie )
80. He asked me if it _______ (rain ) the next morning.
81. You`d better _______ (go )to see a doctor.
82. We ______ (learn ) over ten English songs by the end of last term.
83. The team ______ (choose ) yesterday afternoon.
84. He doesn`t let us ________(draw ) on the wall .
85. I like _______ (read ) in bed .
86. It ______ (get ) late , I must go home .
87. Neither of us _______ ( have ) much time .
88. It gets too hot for _______ ( climb)
89. His mother ______ (be ) a nurse for nearly ten years .
90. Be quite ! The baby ______ ( sleep ).
91. A new bridge _______ ( build ) in the park last year .
92. Lucy ______ ( do)her home work . You`d better _____ (turn )off the TV
set .
93. I _____ (see ) him yesterday .
94. Her sister ______ (learn ) to draw since she was four .
95. A woman _______ ( see )go into the boy`s room .
96. I _______ (call ) you as soon as I get to
97. I don`t know when she ______ ( return ) ,but when she _____ ( return
).
98. If there ______ (be ) no water ,there _____ (be ) no living things on
the earth .
99. I ______ ( receive ) a letter yesterday . It ( write ) by my brother
.He _______ (stay ) in
100. My friend Li _______ (get ) a watch . He _______ (have ) it for two
years . It _____(make ) in a town . He _______ (buy ) it in a street
market and ______ (wear) it to school almost every day . But he ________
(like ) it . It _______ (have ) often ______ (break ) down . He would
like a better one . Next time he ______ (buy ) one from a shop .
賓語(yǔ)從句：賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ)。由下列詞引導(dǎo)，
1. 由 that 引導(dǎo)（ that在口語(yǔ)中可省略）
He said ( that) he would like to see the headmaster.
She said (that ) she would leave a message on his desk.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
2. 接連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo).(what .who
.which . whose /where, when ,how ……).
Do you know what time the train leaves?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
I wanted to know where we should show our tickets .
3. whether 或if 引導(dǎo)
Lily wanted to know if it would rain the next day.
She asked if they would go to the park this Sunday.
*在選擇疑問句中，或與or not 連用時(shí)，必須用whether而不能用if。
變賓語(yǔ)從句需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
a． 時(shí)態(tài)變化： 主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài)
主句是過去時(shí)，從句必須是過去時(shí)態(tài)的一種
主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，從句必須是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
B．人稱變化：不常用 如：He asked me.“Are you a teacher？”
He asked me if I was a teacher。
C．語(yǔ)序變化：Where is Mike ？ Do you know？
Do you know where Mike is ？
Practise ：
1． He said .The boy is a clever boy .
2． He is sure . His team can beat them
3． He was afraid . It will be windy tomorrow.
4． He said . The lost book was founded .
5． He hopes …. He will be able to pass the exam.
6． He asked ….. When will the bus arrive？
7． Mother asked her son …. Whose pen are you using?
8． The children said….. we enjoy ourselves
very much .
9． The boy asked me ….. Have you heard any noise from
outside ?
10. Do you know …. Which way must we take to ?
11. I don’t know ….. Why is he late for the meeting?
12. Do you remember …When did he die?
13. Nobody knows … When will he come back?
14. Do you know … What are they looking for?
15. He asked me … How long does it take to walk to school?
16. Father asked me … What is wrong with you ?
17. I didn’t know …He is going to have a boy .
18. They never asked … Will it be a boy or a girl ?
19. He didn’t know … population is a big problem.
20. I thought … He will come back soon.
21. He asked me …Which TV programme will you watch ?
22. I don’t know …Will it grow fast?
23. Lily asked … Can the man help them
24. Mother asked Do they have a cheaper one?
25. She asked Lucy … Do you need some more tea ?
26. The teacher asked us … Do you have any questions ?
27. He asked … What did Lucy say ?
28. She didn’t know… Who was in the room ?
29. They wanted know … What is in the stockings?
30. He asked… What is his present?
31. He asked … Did Jim have a good journey home?
32. He wanted to know … Was it warm in
33. He asked …Where is Jack?
34. He wanted to know … What has happened?
35. He asked … Is anybody hurt ?
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：常用下列詞語(yǔ) when 、after、 before 、as soon as 、(not )until 、since
關(guān)于主、從句的時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系與賓語(yǔ)從句一致
1. I was doing my homework when he came in.
2. I will write to you as soon as I get there .
3. I will finish the cooking before my mother comes back.
4. I didn`t go to bed until my mother returned home
條件狀語(yǔ)從句： 1.We won`t go to the park if it rains tomorrow.
2.If you have lost the book , you must pay for it .
原因狀語(yǔ)從句：常用下列詞語(yǔ) because , for , as , so
1. I am late because I missed the train.
2. He was lazy so he didn`t pass the exam.
綜合練習(xí)：用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空
1. You can not go to the classroom _____ they are having a lesson.
2. ______ they arrived at the theatre, the play had already begun.
3. Tom speaks English ____ well ____ an Englishman .
4. _______ I was walking in the park , I met Tom
5. _______ I had done my homework , I went home.
6. ______ she got home ,she began to wash her clothes.
7. Tom`s mother had been a teacher _____ she was twenty.
8. I waited ______ he had finished his work .
9. You will study _______ you study hard .
10. ______ he has time ,he will come and see us in
11. I don`t like winter there ____ it is very cold .
化學(xué)專題輔導(dǎo)8
專題八：有機(jī)基本概念的梳理和綜合
[命題趨向]
《考試大綱》中對(duì)有機(jī)基本概念的要求主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：
（1）理解基團(tuán)、同分異構(gòu)、同系物的概念。
（2）了解常見簡(jiǎn)單烷烴、烯烴、炔烴等常見有機(jī)物的命名方法。了解有機(jī)物的基本分類方法。
近幾年高考試題關(guān)于有機(jī)物基本概念的考查主要有以下幾種常見題型：
（1）關(guān)于有機(jī)物的分類。根據(jù)組成元素將有機(jī)物分成烴、烴的衍生物兩大類。烴可以分成飽和烴與不飽和烴兩類，也可根據(jù)烴分子中碳碳鍵特征分成烷、烯、炔、芳香烴等。烴的衍生物可以根據(jù)其中所含的官能團(tuán)分成酚、醇、醛、酸等幾大類。還可以分成合成有機(jī)物、天然有機(jī)物等等。高考試題常會(huì)列出一些生活中常見的有機(jī)物、中學(xué)化學(xué)未出現(xiàn)過的有機(jī)物等，要求考生判斷其類別。
（2）有機(jī)物與生活在常識(shí)問題的聯(lián)系。聯(lián)系實(shí)際、聯(lián)系生活是新課程改革的一個(gè)重要導(dǎo)向，分省命題后的高考中可能會(huì)更加強(qiáng)調(diào)聯(lián)系生活實(shí)際問題。
（3）有機(jī)物命名。有機(jī)物命名是一個(gè)重要基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，往年高考也出現(xiàn)過考查有機(jī)物命名的試題。只要平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)中整理過這類知識(shí)，遇到這類試題就較容易解答，所以復(fù)習(xí)中對(duì)這類知識(shí)要國(guó)以重視，不要留下盲點(diǎn)。
（4）有機(jī)反應(yīng)類型的判斷。判斷有機(jī)反應(yīng)類型是高考試題必考內(nèi)容之一，可以有選擇題、有機(jī)推斷題等題型來(lái)考查這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。
[知識(shí)體系和復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)]
1．根據(jù)官能團(tuán)去理解有機(jī)物的分類方法：
2．主要掌握簡(jiǎn)單的烷烴、烷基的命名方法，簡(jiǎn)單的烯、炔的命名方法，苯及其衍生物的命名，簡(jiǎn)單的醇、醛、酸、酯的命名等等。理解基、官能團(tuán)、同系物等概念。
還要注意歸納課本出現(xiàn)過的一些反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物的名稱。如，纖維素跟硝酸反應(yīng)生成的“三硝酸纖維素酯”、甘油跟硝酸反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物叫“三硝酸甘油酯”（俗名也叫“硝化甘油”）、苯跟濃反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物叫苯磺酸、葡萄糖銀鏡反應(yīng)生成產(chǎn)物叫葡萄糖酸等等。復(fù)習(xí)中也要重視某些有機(jī)物的俗名，能夠根據(jù)俗名判斷有機(jī)物的結(jié)構(gòu)。
3．有機(jī)反應(yīng)主要類型歸納
下屬反應(yīng)
涉及官能團(tuán)或有機(jī)物類型
其它注意問題
取代反應(yīng)
酯水解、鹵代、硝化、磺 化、醇成醚、氨基酸成肽、皂化、多糖水解、肽和蛋白質(zhì)水解等等
烷、苯、醇、羧酸、酯和油脂、鹵代烴、氨基酸、糖類、蛋白質(zhì)等等
鹵代反應(yīng)中鹵素單質(zhì)的消耗量；
酯皂化時(shí)消耗NaOH的量（酚跟酸形成的酯水解時(shí)要特別注意）。
加成反應(yīng)
氫化、油脂硬化
C=C、C≡C、C=O、苯環(huán)
酸和酯中的碳氧雙鍵一般不加成；
C=C和C≡C能跟水、鹵化氫、氫氣、鹵素單質(zhì)等多種試劑反應(yīng)，但C=O一般只跟氫氣、氰化氫等反應(yīng)。
消去反應(yīng)
醇分子內(nèi)脫水
鹵代烴脫鹵化氫
醇、鹵代烴等
、
等不能發(fā)生消去反應(yīng)。
氧化反應(yīng)
有機(jī)物燃燒、烯和炔催化氧化、醛的銀鏡反應(yīng)、醛氧化成酸等
絕大多數(shù)有機(jī)物都可發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)
醇氧化規(guī)律；
醇和烯都能被氧化成醛；
銀鏡反應(yīng)、新制氫氧化銅反應(yīng)中消耗試劑的量；
苯的同系物被KMnO4氧化規(guī)律。
還原反應(yīng)
加氫反應(yīng)、硝基化合物被還原成胺類
烯、炔、芳香烴、醛、酮、硝基化合物等
復(fù)雜有機(jī)物加氫反應(yīng)中消耗H2的量。
加聚反應(yīng)
乙烯型加聚、丁二烯型加聚、不同單烯烴間共聚、單烯烴跟二烯烴共聚
烯烴、二烯烴（有些試題中也會(huì)涉及到炔烴等）
由單體判斷加聚反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物；
由加聚反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物判斷單體結(jié)構(gòu)。
縮聚反應(yīng)
酚醛縮合、二元酸跟二元醇的縮聚、氨基酸成肽等
酚、醛、多元酸和多元醇、氨基酸等
加聚反應(yīng)跟縮聚反應(yīng)的比較；
化學(xué)方程式的書寫。
[典型題析]
[例1] （2003年上海市高考化學(xué)試題）下列物質(zhì)一定不是天然高分子的是（ ）
A．橡膠 B．蛋白質(zhì) C．尼龍 D．纖維素
[解析]答案選C。
本題主要考查有機(jī)物的分類。有機(jī)物的分類是研究有機(jī)物必需具備的最基礎(chǔ)的知識(shí)，每年的高考中都會(huì)有涉及有機(jī)物分類的試題。
題中的四種物質(zhì)都是高分子化合物，要注意橡膠有天然橡膠和人工合成橡膠兩類。
[例2]（2002年上海高考綜合試題）橡膠屬于重要的工業(yè)原料。它是一種有機(jī)高分子化合物，具有良好的彈性，但強(qiáng)度較差。一為了增加某些橡膠制品的強(qiáng)度，加工時(shí)往往需進(jìn)行硫化處理。即將橡膠原料與硫磺在一定條件下反應(yīng)；橡膠制品硫化程度越高，強(qiáng)度越大，彈性越差。下列橡膠制品中，加工時(shí)硫化程度較高的是（ ）
A．橡皮筋 B．汽車外胎 C．普通氣球 D．醫(yī)用乳膠手套
[解析]答案選B。本題主要考查用有機(jī)化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)解決實(shí)際問題的能力。橡皮筋、汽車外胎、普通氣球、乳膠手套等都是生活中常見的物品，橡膠的合成、橡膠的硫化是化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。試題中給予一定的提示，可以測(cè)試考生接受提示信息、運(yùn)用信息的敏捷性。
“橡膠本身的彈性很好，但強(qiáng)度較差”，“硫化程度越高，強(qiáng)度越大，但彈性越差”，這些都是試題中給出的重要信息。再?gòu)纳罱?jīng)驗(yàn)可知，乳膠手套的彈性最好，汽車外胎需要有很高的強(qiáng)度，所以硫化程度較高的應(yīng)是汽車外胎。
[例3]（2004年廣東、廣西等省高考大綜合試題）下列5個(gè)有機(jī)化合物中，能夠發(fā)生酯化、加成和氧化3種反應(yīng)的是（ ）
①CH2＝CHCOOH ②CH2＝CHCOOCH3 ③CH2＝CHCH2OH
④CH3CH2CH2OH ⑤CH3
CH2CHO
A．①③④ B．②④⑤ C．①③⑤ D．①②⑤
[解析]答案選C。
本題主要考查常見官能團(tuán)的性質(zhì)。碳碳雙鍵、醇羥基、醛基、羧基等都是中學(xué)化學(xué)中常見的官能團(tuán)，了解這些官能團(tuán)的結(jié)構(gòu)和特性等是有機(jī)化學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的起碼要求。所以高考試題經(jīng)常會(huì)考到這類試題。
醇羥基跟羧基能發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng)，碳碳雙鍵、醛基等能發(fā)生加成反應(yīng)，碳碳雙鍵、醇羥基、醛基等能被氧化。①③⑤等三種有機(jī)物都符合題設(shè)條件。
[例4]2003年3月，中科院蔣錫夔院士和中科院上海有機(jī)化學(xué)所計(jì)國(guó)楨研究員因在有機(jī)分子簇集和自由基化學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域取得重大成果，而榮獲國(guó)家自然科學(xué)一等獎(jiǎng)。據(jù)悉，他們?cè)谘芯窟^程中曾涉及到如下一種有機(jī)物。請(qǐng)根據(jù)所示化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式回答問題：
（1）該化合物中，官能團(tuán)⑦的名稱是__________，官能團(tuán)①的電子式是__________。該化合物是由______個(gè)氨基酸分子脫水形成的。寫出該化合物水解生成的氨基酸的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式（任寫一種）______________________________________________________，并寫出此氨基酸與氫氧化鈉溶液反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式___________________________________________。
（2）上海有機(jī)化學(xué)研究所在我國(guó)氟化學(xué)理論研究和氟產(chǎn)品以及核化學(xué)工業(yè)等方面作出過重大貢獻(xiàn)，如F46就是用的四氟乙烯與全氟丙烯共聚得到的，若兩種單體物質(zhì)的量之比1:1，試寫出這種高聚物的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式______________________。已知三氟苯乙烯（三個(gè)氟均連在苯環(huán)上）的分子式為C8H
還有另外五種是_______________。
[解析]（1）羧基，
。4。H2NCH2COOH，H2NCH2COOH+NaOH?H2NCH2COONa+H2O。（或另外三種氨基酸及對(duì)應(yīng)的反應(yīng)式）
（2）
或
。
[評(píng)注]起點(diǎn)高，落點(diǎn)還是在中學(xué)有機(jī)化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。這道可能較好地測(cè)試對(duì)有機(jī)物結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式的觀察能力、化學(xué)方程式和同分異構(gòu)體的書寫能力。
[專題預(yù)測(cè)與專題訓(xùn)練]
1．下列關(guān)于有機(jī)物的敘述正確的是（ ）
A 有機(jī)物都是非電解質(zhì) B 熔點(diǎn)低的化合物都是有機(jī)物
C 不含氫的化合物也可能是有機(jī)物 D 含有碳元素的化合物都是有機(jī)物
2．人們一向把碳的氧化物、碳酸鹽看作無(wú)機(jī)物的原因是（ ）
A 都是碳的簡(jiǎn)單化合物 B 不是從生命體中取得
C 不是共價(jià)化合物 D 不具備有機(jī)物典型的性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)
3．下列說法中錯(cuò)誤的是（ ）
①化學(xué)性質(zhì)相似的有機(jī)物是同系物
②分子組成相差一個(gè)或幾個(gè)CH2原子團(tuán)的有機(jī)物是同系物
③若烴中碳、氫元素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)相同，它們必定是同系物
④互為同分異構(gòu)體的兩種有機(jī)物的物理性質(zhì)有差別，但化學(xué)性質(zhì)必定相似
A ①②③④ B 只有②③ C 只有③④ D 只有①②③
4．
聚丙烯酸酯類涂料是目前市場(chǎng)上流行的墻面涂料之一，它具有彈性好，不易老化、耐擦洗、色澤亮麗等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。右邊是聚丙烯酸酯的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式，它屬于（ ）
①無(wú)機(jī)化合物 ②有機(jī)化合物 ③高分子化合物
④離子化合物 ⑤共價(jià)化合物
A．①③④ B．①③⑤ C．②③⑤ D．②③④
5．?dāng)M除蟲菊酯是一類高效、低毒、對(duì)昆蟲具有強(qiáng)烈觸殺作用的殺蟲劑，其中對(duì)光穩(wěn)定的溴氰菊酯的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式如右圖：
下列對(duì)該化合物敘述正確的是（ ）
A．屬于芳香烴 B．屬于鹵代烴
C．在酸性和堿性條件下都不能水解 D．在一定條件下可以發(fā)生加成反應(yīng)
6．生物學(xué)家預(yù)言，21世紀(jì)是木材化工產(chǎn)品的世紀(jì)，利用木材得到纖維素，用纖維素不能得到的物質(zhì)是（ ）
（A）蛋白質(zhì) （B）玻璃紙 （C）苯酚 （D）葡萄糖
7．下列物質(zhì)中不屬于單糖的是（ ）
8．人們把食品分為綠色食品、藍(lán)色食品、白色食品等。綠色植物通過光合作用轉(zhuǎn)化的食品叫做綠色食品，海洋提供的食品叫藍(lán)色食品，通過微生物發(fā)酵制得的食品叫白色食品。下面屬于白色食品的是（ ）。
（A）食醋 （B）面粉 （C）菜油 （D）海帶
9．為了測(cè)定一種氣態(tài)烴A的化學(xué)式，取一定量的A置于一密閉容器中燃燒，定性實(shí)驗(yàn)表明產(chǎn)物是CO2、CO和水蒸氣。學(xué)生甲、乙設(shè)計(jì)了兩個(gè)方案，均認(rèn)為根據(jù)自已的方案能求出A的最簡(jiǎn)式，他們測(cè)得的在有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)如下（圖中的箭頭表示氣流的方向，實(shí)驗(yàn)前系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的空氣已排盡）：
甲方案：燃燒產(chǎn)物
增重
增重
生成CO
乙方案：燃燒產(chǎn)物增重
增重
增重
試回答：
（1）根據(jù)兩方案，你認(rèn)為能否求出A的最簡(jiǎn)式?
（2）請(qǐng)根據(jù)你選擇的方案，通過計(jì)算求出A的最簡(jiǎn)式
（3）若要確定A的分子式，是否需要測(cè)定其它數(shù)據(jù)?為什么?
10．美籍埃及人澤維爾用激光閃爍照相機(jī)拍攝到化學(xué)反應(yīng)中化學(xué)鍵（注：即分子內(nèi)原子之間的相互作用）斷裂和形成的過程，因而獲得1999年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。激光有很多用途，例如波長(zhǎng)為10.3微米的紅外激光能切斷B(CH3)3分子中的一個(gè)B－C鍵，使之與HBr發(fā)生取代反應(yīng)：B(CH3)3＋HBr
B(CH3)2Br＋CH4。而利用9.6微米的紅外激光卻能切斷兩個(gè)B―C鍵，并與HBr發(fā)生二元取代反應(yīng)。
（1）試寫出二元取代的化學(xué)方程式： 。
（2）現(xiàn)用
11．某烴能與Br2反應(yīng)生成3種一溴代物。
12．寫出下列各烴的名稱（采用系統(tǒng)命名法）
（1）
（2）(CH3)2CH(CH2)2CHC2H5(CH2)2CH3
（3）
（4）
（5）
（6）
13．請(qǐng)將下列高分子材料合成時(shí)所用的單體的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式填入下表：
編號(hào)
名稱
結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式
單體
例
滌綸
（的確涼）
HOCH2CH2OH
1
異戊橡膠
2
錦綸
（尼龍6）
3
ABS樹脂
14．第一個(gè)人工合成的抗菌素-氯霉素合成步驟如下（方程式未配平）：
反應(yīng)①：
反應(yīng)②：
反應(yīng)③：
反應(yīng)④：
回答下列問題：
（1）A的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式是____________；B的分子式是______；C的名稱是_________。
（2）反應(yīng)①的類型是________，反應(yīng)④的類型是_________，（填加成、消去或取代）。
（3）氯霉素能否發(fā)生水解反應(yīng)？____________。原因是__________________。
2009中考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)寫作技巧匯總
（一）掌握技巧：
�。�1）注意篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，合理布局
開始部分（opening paragraph）――說出文中的要點(diǎn)、核心問題。
正文部分（Body paragraphs）――圍繞主題開展敘述、討論。
結(jié)尾部分（concluding paragraphs）――對(duì)全文的總結(jié)和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之間必須是有機(jī)地聯(lián)系，內(nèi)容完整、連貫。前后呼應(yīng)，祛除與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容。
�。�2）確定主題句
主題句是對(duì)全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“畫龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用。通常主題句出現(xiàn)
在一篇文章的開頭，而后，全文對(duì)主題句所提出的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋，擴(kuò)展。
寫主題句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
�、贇w納出你要寫的文章的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)
�、谔釤挸鲆痪渚哂懈爬ㄐ缘脑�
�、壑黝}句應(yīng)具有可讀性，抓住、吸引讀者。
（二）巧用連接詞
要想使文章有整體性、連貫性，就要學(xué)會(huì)正確使用連接詞
表示羅列增加
First, second, third,
First, then / next, after that / next, finally
For one thing … for another…,
On (the) one hand…on the other hand,
Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also,
Especially / In particular,
表示時(shí)間順序
now, at present, recently,
after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,
at first, in the beginning, to begin with,
later, next, finally,
immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment
form now on, from then on,
at the same time, meanwhile,
till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
表示解釋說明
now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover
furthermore, in fact, actually
表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other
hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of
course, after all,
表示并列關(guān)系
or, and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or, neither
…nor
表示因果關(guān)系
because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, as a
result (of), otherwise, so…that, such…that
表示條件關(guān)系
as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless
表示讓步關(guān)系
though, although, as, even if, even though, whether …or…, however, whoever,
whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when,
whom)
表示舉例
for example, for instance, such as…, take… for example
表示比較
be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)…just like,
just as,
表示目的
for this reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,
表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly,
obviously, above all,
表示概括歸納
in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far
as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in
summary, in conclusion,
�。ㄈ┱莆粘Ｓ镁湫停�
下面只列舉比較常用的。
1. in order to
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)他的夢(mèng)想，他學(xué)習(xí)非常努力。
He worked very hard in order to realize his dream.
2. in order that
她拼命干活以便到六點(diǎn)時(shí)把一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。
She worked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock..
3. so…that
他們太累了，除了伸懶腰什么都做不了了。
They were all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.
4. such…that
天氣非常冷，以致于街上一個(gè)人都沒有。
It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.
5. would rather do…than do
他寧愿聽他人講而不愿自己說。
He would rather listen to others than talk himself.
6. prefer doing to doing
他寧愿在精心準(zhǔn)備后去做報(bào)告。
He prefers making speeches after careful preparation.
7. prefer to do…rather than do
比起女人，男人總是寧可在家睡覺也不愿花那么多時(shí)間來(lái)購(gòu)物。
Compared with women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time
shopping.
8. not only…but also
在短短的三年的時(shí)間里她不但完成了所有課程，而且還獲得了博士學(xué)位。
In just three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also received her
doctor’s degree.
9. either…or
如果考試過關(guān)，你可以買一個(gè)MP3或去云南玩一趟。
You could
either buy an MP3 or go to
10. Neither…nor
他是一個(gè)無(wú)聊的人，既不愛娛樂，也不愛讀書。
He is a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading.
11. as well as
他善良又樂于助人。
He was kind as well as helpful.
12. …as well
這個(gè)小孩活潑又可愛。
The child is active and funny as well.
13. One…the other
你看見桌子上有兩只筆嗎？一支是紅色的，另一支是黑色的。
Have you seen two pens on the desk? One is red, the other is black.
14. Some…others
每個(gè)人都很忙，有些在讀書，有些在寫作。
Everyone is busy in classroom. Some are reading, others are writing.
15. make…+adj /n
我們所做的可以讓世界更美麗。
What we do will make the world more beautiful.
16. not…until
直到他告訴我發(fā)生的事，我才了解真相。
I didn’t know the truth until she told me what happened.
17. as if
他夸夸其談好像什么事都知道。
He talks a lot as if he knows everything.
18. It is no use (good) doing…
假裝不懂規(guī)則是行不通的。
It’s no use pretending that you didn’t know the rules.
19. find it + adj to do…
我覺得作聽力時(shí)有必要作筆記。
I find it necessary to take down notes while listening.
20. It is + time since…
我已經(jīng)有兩年沒見他了。
It is two years since I last met him.
21. It is + time when…
我到電影院時(shí)已經(jīng)八點(diǎn)鐘了。
It was 8 o’clock when I got to the cinema.
22. It is + time before…
不久我們就會(huì)再見面的。
I won’t be long before we can meet again.
23. It is…that…
我最珍視的是友誼。
It is friendship that I value most.
24. It is + n / adj + that / to do…
每個(gè)人都必須懂得如何使用計(jì)算機(jī)
It is a must that everybody should know how to use computers.
2009高考物理專題沖刺四
（命題范圍： 碰撞與動(dòng)量守恒 原子結(jié)構(gòu)、原子核）
說明：本試卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷兩部分，共150分；答題時(shí)間120分鐘．
第Ⅰ卷（選擇題，共40分）
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