In a recent study, researchers have estimated the energy required to produce bottled water, including the energy required to manufacture plastic, make the plastic into bottles, process the water, fill and seal the bottles, transport the bottles, and chill the bottles for use. Combining all the energy input totals for treatment and distribution, researchers found that producing bottled water requires between 5.6 and 10.2 million joules(焦耳) of energy per liter, depending on transportation factors. That's up to 2, 000 times the energy required to produce tap water.
To break down the energy requirements, researchers found that producing the plastic bottles and transporting the bottles greatly dominated(控制) the energy input. Although some companies are experimenting with producing lightweight bottles or using recycled materials, the researchers calculated that the manufacturing cost is about 4 million joules of energy per plastic bottle weighing 38 grams, and the cap weighing 2 grams.
“Our previous work had suggested that bottled water production was an energy­ intensive process, but we were surprised to see the results, ” the researchers said.
Transportation costs vary depending on the distance and mode of transport and both factors depend on the type of bottled water. There are two main kinds of bottled water in the US:” spring water” which comes from an underground spring and “purified water”,which is city tap water that has received further treatment. For purified water distributed locally by truck within Los Angeles, the total transportation energy is about 1.4 million joules per liter. In the second situation, spring water shipped from Fiji (such as Fiji Spring Water) across the Pacific to Los Angeles, and then delivered locally by truck requires about 4 million joules per liter for transportation. For the spring water, the transportation energy equaled (in the case of Fiji) the energy required to produce the bottle.
With this data, the researchers hope that future studies will have the ability to make specific estimates for different situations, and possibly find ways to cut energy costs.
小題1:From the first Paragraph we can know that the energy required to ______.
A．produce bottled water includes the energy required to drink it
B．distribute bottled water includes the energy for producing the bottles
C．distribute bottled water is much smaller than the energy for treating it
D．produce bottled water is much smaller than the energy for producing tap water
小題2:To reduce the energy required to produce bottled water, some companies are trying ______.
A．to fill tap water into the plastic bottles directly
B．to replace the plastic bottles with metal containers
C．to produce lightweight bottles with recycled materials
D．to use bicycles to transport and deliver bottled water locally
小題3:What's Paragraph 4 mainly talking about?
A．Treatment of bottled water needs no energy input at all.
B．Bottled water production is an energy­ intensive process.
C．Transportation of bottled water takes up the most energy input.
D．Production of the plastic bottles greatly dominated the energy input.
小題4: We can infer from the passage that ______.
A．there are two main kinds of bottled water in the US
B．world consumption of bottled water has been increasing
C．transportation costs have something to do with the mode of transport
D．bottled water produced in Spring is more expensive than purified water
小題5: What's the main purpose of the passage?
A．To help consumers themselves make more environmentally sustainable choices.
B．To advise the government to take severe measures to stop producing bottled water.
C．To urge the consumers to drink tap water instead of bottled water for the sake of the earth.
D．To try the best to find ways to produce bottled water cheaply and quickly for the companies.

小題1:B
小題2:C
小題3:C
小題4:B
小題5:A

試題分析：研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)瓶裝水所消耗的能量是自來水的2000倍，進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)處理水不需要什么能量，消耗的大量的能量都用在了裝水和運(yùn)水上，研究人員希望通過研究找出削尖能源消耗的方法，作者的目的是希望通過這篇文章引起大家對這件事的注意，自覺采取措施保護(hù)環(huán)境。
小題1:細(xì)節(jié)題;從第一段的句子：Combining all the energy input totals for treatment and distribution, researchers found that 可知瓶裝水的消耗分兩部分：處理和運(yùn)送，選B
小題2:細(xì)節(jié)理解題：從第二段的句子Although some companies are experimenting with producing lightweight bottles or using recycled materials, 可知為了減少生產(chǎn)瓶裝水需要的能源，很多公司使用回收材料做的輕的飲料瓶，選C
小題3:段落大意題：文章第三段對第四段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行提示，第四段對比了幾種水的運(yùn)輸能量，最后一句以泉水做例子，運(yùn)送能量就等于生產(chǎn)能量，選C
小題4:推理判斷題：最后一段表明研究人員希望進(jìn)一步研究能找出削減能量的方法，由此可以判斷，瓶裝水本身就消耗能量，且由于消耗不斷攀升，導(dǎo)致問題越來越嚴(yán)重，從而導(dǎo)致這個研究，根據(jù)第四段A和C是事實(shí)，D是錯的，故選B
小題5:寫作意圖題：文章沒有提到政府要停止生產(chǎn)瓶裝水，也沒有建議只喝自來水，更沒有談到是想幫助有些公司，最后一段提到研究的目的是找到消減能量的辦法，選A
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

In an ideal world, people would not test medicines on animals. Such experiments are stressful and sometimes painful for animals, and expensive and time–consuming for people. Yet animal experimentation is still needed to help bridge vast gaps in medical knowledge. That is why there are some 50 to 100 million animals used in research around the world each year.
Europe, on the whole, has the world’s most restrictive laws on animal experiments. Even so, its scientists use some 12 million animals a year, most of them mice and rats, for medical research. Official statistics show that just 1.1 million animals are used in research in America each year. But that is misleading. The American authorities do not think mice and rats are worth counting and, as these are the most common laboratory animals, the true figure is much higher. Japan and China have even less comprehensive data than America.
Now Europe is reforming the rules governing animal experiments by restricting the number of animals used in labs. Alternatives to animal testing, such as using human tissue or computer models, are now strongly recommended. In addition, sharing all research results freely should help to reduce the number of animals for scientific use. At present, scientists often share only the results of successful experiments. If their findings do not fit the hypothesis being tested, the work never sees the light of day. This practice means wasting time, money, and animals’ lives in endlessly repeating the failed experiments.
Animal experimentation has taught humanity a great deal and saved countless lives. It needs to continue, even if that means animals sometimes suffer. Europe’s new measures should eventually both reduce the number of animals used in experiments and improve the way in which scientific research is conducted.
小題1:What is the main idea of this passage?
A．The success of animal experiments should be ensured.
B．A ban on the use of animals in the lab should be enforced.
C．Greater efforts need to be taken to reduce the number of lab animals.
D．Scientists should be required to share their research results with each other.
小題2:Which of the following statements is true about animals used in the lab?
A．America uses only about 1.1 million lab animals per year.
B．Europe does not use mice and rats as lab animals at all.
C．Britain does not use as many lab animals as China does.
D．Japan has less comprehensive data on the number of lab animals used each year.
小題3:Which of the following is mentioned as an alternative to replace animal experiments?
A．Statistical studies.
B．Computer models.
C．DNA planted in animals.
D．Tissue from dead animals.
小題4:What usually happens to unsuccessful animal experiments?
A．They are not revealed to the public.
B．They are made into teaching materials.
C．They are collected for future publication.
D．They are not removed from the research topic list.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Winter begins in the north on December 22nd. People and animals have been doing what they always do to prepare for the colder months. Squirrels (松鼠), for example, have been busy gathering nuts from trees. Well, scientists have been busy gathering information about what the squirrels do with the food they collect.
They examined differences between red squirrels and gray squirrels in the American state of Indiana. The scientists wanted to know how these differences could affect the growth of black walnut (黑胡桃) trees. The black walnut is the nut of choice for both kinds of squirrels. The black walnut tree is also a central part of some hardwood forests.
Rob Swihart of Purdue University did the study with Jake Goheen, a former Purdue student now at the University of New Mexico. The two researchers estimate that several times as many walnuts grow when gathered by gray squirrels as compared to red squirrels. Gray squirrels and red squirrels do not store nuts and seeds in the same way. Gray squirrels bury nuts one at a time in a number of places. But they seldom remember where they buried every nut. So some nuts remain in the ground. Conditions are right for them to develop and grow the following spring. Red squirrels, however, store large groups of nuts above ground. Professor Swihart calls “death traps for seeds”.
Gray squirrels are native to Indiana. But Professor Swihart says their numbers began to decrease as more forests were cut for agriculture. Red squirrels began to spread through the state during the past century.
The researchers say red squirrels are native to forests that stay green all year, unlike walnut trees. They say the cleaning of forest land for agriculture has helped red squirrels invade Indiana. Jake Goheen calls them a sign of an environmental problem more than a cause.
小題1:The study done by Rob Swihart and Jake Goheen is to ________.
A．find out the living conditions for squirrels
B．learn squirrels’ influence on black walnut trees
C．do something to get rid of squirrels
D．save the forests in the American state of Indiana
小題2:The difference between gray squirrels and red squirrels mainly lies in ________.
A．the way they gather the walnut
B．the time they have winter sleep
C．the place they have winter sleep
D．the place they store the walnuts
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A．red squirrels eat more nuts than gray squirrels
B．gray squirrels and red squirrels will have severe fights
C．nuts above the ground will not develop into plants
D．seeds can be traps for other animals in the forest
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A．The black walnut is equally attractive to both gray and red squirrels.
B．Gray squirrels do more harm to the forest than red squirrels.
C．Red squirrels and gray squirrels have helped the spread of walnut trees.
D．The cleaning of forest land benefits red squirrels directly.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

If you look for a book as a present for a child. You will be spoiled for choice even in a year when there is no new Harry Potter. J.K Rowling’s wizard is not alone: the past decade has been a harvest for good children’s books, which has set off a large quantity of films and in turn led to increased sales of classics such as The Lord of the Rings.
Yet despite that, reading is increasingly unpopular among children. According to statistics, in 1997 23% said they didn’t like reading at all. In 2003, 35% did. And around 6% of children leave primary school each year unable to read properly.
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小題1:Which of the following is true of Paragraph 1?
A．Many children’s books have been adapted from films.
B．Many high-quality children’s books have been published.
C．The sales of classics have led to the popularity of films.
D．The sales of presents for children have increased.
小題2:Statistics suggested that              .
A．the number of top students increased with the use of computers
B．a(chǎn) decreasing number of children showed interest in reading
C．a(chǎn) minority of primary school children read properly
D．a(chǎn) large percentage of children read regularly
小題3:What do we know about Reading Recovery?
A．An evaluation of it will be made sometime this year.
B．Weak readers on the project were the most hardworking.
C．It aims to train special teachers to help children with reading.
D．Children on the project showed noticeable progress in reading.
小題4:Reading for fun is important because book-loving children _________.
A． take greater advantage of the project
B．show the potential to enjoy a long life
C．a(chǎn)re likely to succeed in their education
D．would make excellent future researchers
小題5:The aim of this text would probably be _________.
A．to overcome primary school pupils’ reading difficulty
B．to encourage the publication of more children’s books
C．to remind children of the importance of reading for fun
D．to introduce a way to improve early children reading

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“What excited me most was whether there were planets in other solar systems where life might exist,” he says. “I decided to try to find planets orbiting other stars like our Sun.”
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小題1:What can we learn about Dr. Marcy from the passage?
A．He is fond of watching Jupiter.
B．He is from a scientist family.
C．He dislikes working with Paul Butler.
D．He is interested in finding life in outer space.
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A．The planet is not as protective as Jupiter.
B．The planet is close to star 55Cancri.
C．The planet proves to be a gas planet.
D．The planet is as large as Jupiter.
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A．1995B．1985C．2002D．1981
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B．he has discovered an Earth-like planet there.
C．he has discovered a rocky planet there.
D．he has found signs of life in the system
小題5:“But we stuck with it”( in Paragraph 3) means ____.
A．they felt discouragedB．they carried on with it
C．they failed in their attemptD．they made some progress

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Three years ago I listened to a lecture on cognition that changed the way I think about intelligence. There are two types of cognition, and the first is normal cognition the ability to regain knowledge from memory. The second type of cognition is metacognition(元認(rèn)知) the ability to know whether or not you know.
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小題1:People with great cognitive ability tend to ______________.       
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B．be considered inferior
C．be more effective than others
D．do research when faced with a task
小題2:The underlined phrase “take the best course of action,” probably means______.
A．starting educating himself
B．taking action during the course
C．making the right decision
D．coming up with many ideas
小題3:People with poor metacognition may not succeed because they ________.
A．lack basic moral values
B．have improper self evaluation
C．fail to communicate with others
D．show little respect for others
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A．intelligence is measured by cognitive ability
B．cognition is the most important mental power
C．the toughest lesson is to distinguish the two types of cognition
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

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Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to ask for assistance form others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.
Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress, University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance.
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小題1:What does the phrase “both those responses” in Paragraph 1 refer to ?
A．Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.
B．The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.
C．The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort to stop the crying.
D．Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.
小題2:From the passage we can infer that        .
A．it is unnatural for people to shed tears
B．we can reduce our stress by shedding tears
C．shedders of tears can’t get help by crying loudly
D．unlike animals, humans can shed tears for survival
小題3:What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．Roles of emotional tears.
B．functions of shedding tears.
C．Unwelcome shedders of tears.
D．Research on the effects of tears.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

WASHINGTON(Reuters)?People who drink two or more sweetened soft drinks a week have a much higher risk of pancreatic cancer (胰腺癌), an unusual but deadly cancer, researchers reported on Monday.
People who drank mostly fruit juice instead of sodas did not have the same risk, the study of 60,000 people in Singapore found.
“Sugar may be to blame but people who drink sweetened sodas regularly often have other poor health habits,” said Mark Pereira of the University of Minnesota, who led the study.
“The high levels of sugar in soft drinks may be increasing the level of insulin(胰島素) in the body, which we think contributes to pancreatic cancer cell growth,” President said in a statement.
Writing in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, Pereira and his colleagues said they followed 60,524 men and women in the Singapore—Chinese Health Study for 14 years.
Over that time, 140 of the volunteers developed pancreatic cancer. Those who drank two or more sweetened soft drinks a week had an 87 percent higher risk of being among those who got pancreatic cancer.
Pereira said he believed the findings would apply elsewhere.
“Singapore is a wealthy country with excellent healthcare. Favorite pastimes(消遣) are eating and shopping, so the findings should apply to other western countries.” he said.
But Susan Mayne of the Yale Cancer Center at Yale University in Connecticut was cautious.
“Although this study found a risk, the finding was based on a relatively small number of cases and it remains unclear whether it was a causal(因果的) connection or not.” Said Mayne, who serves on thee board of the journal, which is published by the American Association for Cancer Research.
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest form of cancer, with 230,000 cases globally. In the United States, 37,680 people are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in a year and 34, 290 die of it.
小題1:We can infer from Pereira’s word that_________
A．the healthcare in Singapore should be greatly improved
B．2 soft drinks a day are considered harmful to health
C．87 out of 140 volunteers developed pancreatic cancer
D．sugar might not be the only cause of pancreatic cancer.
小題2:How does Susan seem to feel about the findings of the study?
A．SatisfiedB．DoubtfulC．WorriedD．Hopeful
小題3:The best title of the text might be_______
A．The Deadliest Forms of Cancer
B．Drink Fruit Juice Instead of Sodas
C．A Study in University of Minnesota
D．Sugary Soft Drinks Lead to Cancer

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

What exactly is intelligence? There aren’t any easy answers．Despite the progress that has been made in genetics and psychology, human intelligence has remained one of the most controversial areas of modern science，until now, that is, for the discovery of a gene linked to intelligence has made the experts think again．
Robert Plomin of the Institute of Psychiatry in London and his colleagues in the US have been looking into genetic make-up．From their research, they have discovered that a slightly different gene is more common in those with a high IQ．Plomin analyzed DNA from two groups of 51 children aged between 6 and 15．What he found was that the first group had an IQ of 136, putting them in the top 5% of the population, while the other group had an average IQ of 103．An analysis of their genes showed that 32% of children in the higher group had the gene in question, while only 16% in the second group did．However, there is a lot more research to be done, and Plomin himself is cautious at this early stage．He suggests that there are probably many genes that contribute to intelligence, rather than just one. Several studies have shown a strong link between IQ and career success, although some psychologists remain unconvinced about this．Professor Michael Rowe, who has written a book called Genius Explained, is one of these．“The people with the highest IQs are not usually the ones who do best in their careers．”
Many psychologists now believe that when it comes to intelligence, IQ isn’t everything．Many alternative views have been put forward recently．One example is the idea of multiple intelligences, which was developed in the 1980s by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner．This offers a much broader view than the IQ theory, including creativity and communication skills as relevant factors in intelligence．
Tony Buzan, brain expert and author of Master your Memory, is enthusiastic about this belief, arguing that true geniuses do indeed appear to combine high levels of each type of intelligence．He lists Alexander the Great, Pablo Picasso and Albert Einstein as examples．At the same time, Buzan believes that everyone can develop their intelligence, only if they take the trouble to exercise their brain．Perhaps there’s hope for us all!
小題1:What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．The development of intelligence
B．The idea of multiple intelligences
C．IQ isn’t everything for intelligence
D．Alternative views have been put forward
小題2:Why does the author use data in Paragraph 2?
A．To make a suggestion．B．To draw a conclusion
C．To prove an idea．D．To give an example
小題3:What can we learn from the passage?
A．Robert Plomin confirms genes have something in common
B．Howard Gardner thinks intelligence includes various factors
C．Michael Rowe approves of a strong link between IQ and career
D．Tony Buzan agrees geniuses exercise brain to improve intelligence
小題4:What might be the best title of the passage?
A．The relationship between genes and intelligence
B．IQ benefits a lot from high intelligence
C．How to develop intelligence．
D．What makes intelligence.

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