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浙江省杭州高中
2009屆高三第六次月考
英 語(yǔ) 試 題
本試題卷分第I卷和第II卷兩部分。滿(mǎn)分120分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘。
第Ⅰ卷 （共80分）
第一部分：英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分30分）
第一節(jié)：?jiǎn)雾?xiàng)填空（共20小題；每小題0．5分,滿(mǎn)分10分）
1．I have the same opinion as you ________ the privacy of one’s life should be kept secret．
A．that B．which C．whether D．where
2．---John, where are the cookies? Don’t you tell me you ate them all?
--- _________ I couldn’t help it．They were so good．
A．Yes, I did． B．No, I didn’t C．Yes, I have D．Why? Sounds strange
3．Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people ________ harm them．
A．more than B．rather than C．other than D．better than
4．---This passage is difficult for me．Could you please explain it to me?
--- I am afraid I have to say sorry．The book is ______ me．
A．beyond B．over C．a(chǎn)fter D．off
5．Since he often travels on business, he can ______ himself to sleeping in any place he can find．
A．devote B．a(chǎn)ccustom C．force D．reduce
6．---I’m afraid Mr．Wood can’t see you until 4 o’clock．
--- Oh, ________, I won’t wait．
A．no doubt B．a(chǎn)fter all C．in that case D．in this way
7．Among mystery writers, Agatha Christie ______ as a real master．
A．stands for B．stands by C．stands in D．stands out
8．The dance performed by the disabled actors is really a hit, but years ago no one ______ they
were to achieve such a great success．
A．must have imagined B．could have imagined
C．should have imagined D．would have imagined
9．Mother was greatly ________ at the news that her son was found by the police．
A．relieved B．relaxed C．satisfied D．enthusiastic
10．The factory _______ its good credit, so its products _______very well．
A．keeps up; are sold B．keeps in; are sold
C．keeps up; sell D．keeps on; sell
11．The cream was not so good as ___________．
A．a(chǎn)dvertised B．it advertised C．a(chǎn)dvertisement D．to advertise
12．________ more and more forests destroyed, some animals are facing the danger of dying out．
A．Within B．by C．As D．With
13．Will you please ______ my luggage while I’m away from here?
A．have an eye for B．make eyes at C．keep an eye on D．turn a blind eye to
14．---I’ll ask our physics teacher to explain
yesterday．
---That’s just _________ most of the students still have doubt．
A．what B．why C．where D．how
15．The rest of the time was _____ with writing a report．
A．devoted B．occupied C．spent D．possessed
16．Because the shop _________, all the T-shirts are sold at half price．
A．has closed up B．closed down C．is closing down D．had closed up
17．It was most _______ of you to lend me the money when I was in trouble．
A．selfish B．generous C．relieved D．outgoing
18．---You know what? Tom wants to be Harry Potter after he graduates from school．
---Are you kidding? He will never _______ a person like him．
A．make B．turn C．change D．get
19．I’d rather read than watch television; the programs seem ______ all the time．
A．to get worse B．to have got worse
C．that it is getting worse D．to be getting worse．
20．---Hey, look at my shoes, look what you’ve done．
---Oh, I’m sorry I’ve got your shoes dirty．But I ______ ．
A．haven’t noticed B．didn’t notice
C．wasn’t noticing D．hadn’t noticed
第二節(jié)：完形填空（共20小題；每小題1分,滿(mǎn)分20分）
閱讀下面短文， 掌握其大意，然后從21―40 各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C、D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題紙上將該選項(xiàng)標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。
I’ve always loved pigeons．Some years ago I persuaded my wife to let me buy a few and start racing them myself．They cost us a lot of money and 21 and they spoiled our hobby a lot, but my wife never actually stopped me so I 22 carried on．I learned so much about pigeons that I could 23 a good racer anywhere and I did buy some beauties．My pigeons won some top races, and I even began to make a bit of 24 ．You see people are prepared to pay big prices if they know that your pigeons are 25 big prizes．
My wife had been changing her 26 to the pigeons over the past few years anyway．She was quite 27 of all the prizes we’d won．Then came the traveling, which she liked．You see someone has to take the pigeons a 28 way off and set them free．Some of the 29 were really nice and you could enjoy beautiful sceneries all the way．I never traveled．I used to like to wait at home and 30 them come in．They’d got this wonderful sense of 31 , which could bring them back home so quickly．They’d flown hundreds of miles sometimes 32 storms or against the endless 33 ．Then I’d watch them 34 round and come down onto the landing shelf．I’d looked at my watch and thought, “My goodness, that’d be a good 35 ．” And took off the little leg ring and pushed it through the machine to 36 what time he’d arrived．Then my wife would 37 up and said, “Has he arrived yet?” Then we would work out if we’d won 38 ．
Then last year we had a 39 ! One of my pigeons got some sort of flu and died, and then they all 40 one by one．It was terrible; I had to burn them all．We lost a fortune of course．
21．A．food B．time C．power D．space
22．A．just B．even C．a(chǎn)lmost D．hardly
23．A．notice B．learn C．imagine D．recognize
24．A．living B．fun C．money D．change
25．A．losing B．winning C．giving D．making
26．A．subject B．decision C．relation D．a(chǎn)ttitude
27．A．proud B．fond C．careful D．sure
28．A．different B．long C．short D．far
29．A．distance B．a(chǎn)ctivities C．trips D．movements
30．A．see B．invite C．welcome D．wish
31．A．direction B．sight C．hearing D．touch
32．A．over B．a(chǎn)long C．under D．through
33．A．lakes B．forests C．parks D．sky
34．A．show B．look C．circle D．whistle
35．A．fly B．time C．day D．look
36．A．write B．record C．count D．memorize
37．A．come B．show C．call D．cheer
38．A．a(chǎn)gain B．over C．only D．a(chǎn)ccidentally
39．A．disadvantage B．chance C．problem D．disaster
40．A．slowed down B．went down C．turned down D．let down
第二部分：閱讀理解（第一節(jié)20小題，第二節(jié)5小題；每小題2分，滿(mǎn)分50分）
第一節(jié)：閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C、D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題紙上將該選項(xiàng)標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。
Over the years new technology have changed farming. Change in a general direction is a trend. Yet people often recognize trends only when they consider the past. Today we look back at some trends in American agriculture. We began with the change from animal power to mechanical power.
In 1920, America had more than 25 million horses and mules （騾子）. Most were used for farm work. Around the same time, a competitor began to appear in large numbers. Tractors could turn soil, pull loads and speed harvests and they could do it better.
More tractors meant fewer horses and mules. By the 1960s, the numbers of these work animals settle to where they remain today. That is about one-tenth the levels in 1920. Yet even the demand for tractors had its limits. Tractors reached their highest numbers around 1982. The numbers have been slowly decreasing. Experts say farmers can do more with less now because of new technologies. So tractors replaced horses and mules. As a result, farmers no longer needed to raise crops to feed work animals.
Oats
（燕麥） have long been food for horses and mules. In
1954, American farmers planted over 16 million hectares of oats. By 2000, that
was down to less than one million hectares. So, what did the farmers do with
the extra land? More and more farmers began to plant a new crop around the same
time that the tractor became popular. It was the soybean. The soybean is one of
the oldest plants harvested. Yet it was not planted widely in the
41．The best title for this text might be ______________．
A．Technology Have Changed Farming
B．The Tractors Have Replaced Horses
C．The Tractors Are More Advanced Than Horses D．Soybeans Have Replaced Oats
42．By the 1960s, how many work horses and mules had still remained in America?
A．About 25 000 000. B．About 2 500 000.
C．About 250 000 000. D．About 30 000 000
43．Which of the following statements is false according to the text?
A．Changing from animal power to mechanical power is the start of the change in American
agriculture．
B．Tractors changed the way of farming in America during the early 20th century．
C．Tractors reached their highest numbers over half a century from its beginning
D．Soybean was planted widely in the United States owing to animal-powered agriculture．
44．What isn’t the advantage of using tractors in America?
A．The using of tractors led to the trend of change in agriculture．
B．Farmers can do more farming work with less labor in agriculture．
C．More land was used to plant economic agriculture products．
D．Using tractors increases the growth of the economy in agriculture．
（ B ）
If
you are asked to name some national symbols of
As a mythical（神話里的） creature, the dragon is deeply rooted in Chinese culture. Traditionally, dragons are considered to govern rainfall. They have the power to decide where and when the rain falls. In addition, the dragon is a symbol of imperial （皇帝的） power. The emperors thought they were real dragons and the sons of heaven.
While Chinese believe dragons bring prosperity （繁榮） and good fortune, the creature is regarded differently in Western countries. In the Bible, dragons represent the devil and they trick the world. “Western people usually see dragons as cold-blooded reptiles, like snakes,” said Jonathan Haagen, copy editor for the Teens. “They are cruel killers, breathing fire and capturing women. ” He added that people thought of dragons as being dishonest because of their forked tongues.
Besides, dragons in Western literature are presented as monsters against which the hero must battle. It is a common tale for a mediaeval knight（騎士） to kill a dragon and save a princess and her country from its evil. Even the popular boy wizard Harry Potter has to battle a deadly dragon and get a golden egg from its nest in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
However, dragons are not all bad in the West. Puff, the Magic Dragon is a well-known song. It tells a bitter-sweet story of the dragon puff and his playmate Jackie Paper, a little boy. When Jackie grows up, he loses interest in the imaginary adventures of childhood and leaves, which upsets puff. “ Puff represents the innocence of a child’s imagination, which is very positive for a dragon,” said Haagen.
45．Which quality makes the dragon either a symbol in China or a monster in the West?
A．Mysterious． B．Cold-blooded C．Powerful D．Dangerous
46．Why is the dragon considered a national symbol in China?
A．Chinese often consider themselves “the descendants of the dragon．”
B．It’s familiar to Chinese people．
C．The deep-rooted concept in Chinese culture．
D．It can represent imperial power．
47．The writer uses the story of Harry Potter to show us that ___________．
A．dragons are cold-blooded and cruel
B．the boy wizard, Harry Potter, is clever and brave boy
C．dragons are presented as monsters in most Western works
D．human beings always conquer monsters like dragons
48．Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?
A．Dragons were traditionally considered to be in charge of rainfall in China．
B．Harry Patter is thought to be a hero in Western culture．
C．All the Magic Dragons are not bad in the west．
D．None of the Western people like dragons．
（ C ）
Happy birthday! Do birthdays really make people happy? Of course they do．Birthdays celebrate the day we were born．Besides, that extra candle on the cake suggests another year of growth and maturity（成熟）―or so we hope．We all like to imagine that we are getting wiser and not just older．Most of us enjoy seeing the miracle of growth in others, as well．For instance, seeing our children develop and learn new things makes us feel proud．For Americans, like people in most cultures, growing up is a wonderful process．But growing old? That’s a different story．
Growing old is not exactly pleasant for people in youth-oriented（以年輕人為中心的） American culture．Most Americans like to look young, act young and feel young．As the old saying goes, “You are as young as you feel．” Old people joke about how many years young they are, rather than how many years old．People in some countries value the aged as a source of experience and wisdom．But Americans seem to favor those that are young, or at least “young at heart．”
Many older Americans find the “golden years” to be anything but golden．Economically, “senior citizens” often struggle just to get by．Retirement at age 65 brings a sharp decrease in personal income．Social security （安全） benefits usually cannot make up the difference．Older people may suffer from poor nutrition, medical care and housing．Some even experience age discrimination．In 1987, American sociologist Pat Moore dressed up like an older person and wandered city streets．She was often treated rudely―even cheated and robbed．However, dressed as a young person, she received much more respect．
Unfortunately, the elderly population in America is increasing fast．Why? People are living longer．Fewer babies are being born．And middle-aged “baby boomers” are rapidly entering the group of the elderly．America may soon be a place where wrinkles（皺紋） are “in”．Marketing experts are already noticing this growing group of consumers．
49．People consider growing up a wonderful thing because ________．
A．people can light a candle to celebrate their birthdays
B．people can become more mature and wiser
C．people can enjoy the pleasure of others’ growth
D．growing up is a wonderful process
50．The second paragraph tells us that ____________．
A．Americans hold a negative attitude to growing old
B．American older people often joke about their old age
C．American culture is very young
D．Different countries have different opinions on the old age
51．The underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 suggests that __________．
A．the older Americans care for nothing but gold
B．the older Americans don’t actually live happy lives
C．the
old in
D．American social security benefits are not good
52．What will the writer most probably talk about following the last paragraph of the text?
A．The living conditions of the older Americans．
B．The problems of growing older Americans．
C．The potential consuming market of the older Americans．
D．Some laws to be passed to restrict older Americans．
（ D ）
I had never given a thought to working on a newspaper．But when my husband decided to start one in our small rocky Mountain town, I went along with the idea．I didn’t know how to interview anyone, take interesting photos, or even put a newspaper article together．So, I took my camera and just started carrying it with me everywhere．
One Saturday morning, I went on a children’s hayride （乘坐干草車(chē)出游） to get some shots of the local kids．I arrived early, so I could talk to the adults in charge, I needed to get some information to go with any picture I took．
After the kids were seated on the hay, I had plenty of pictures of their smiling faces．I just stopped to chat with a lady who had her horse with her．She planned to ride alongside the wagon and keep an eye on things．
While I chatted with her, her horse turned to fully face me and gave me a big horse smile．He opened his mouth wide, showing all of his teeth．We all laughed and I asked the lady to make him do it again so I could take a picture．She said she hadn’t made him do it the first time and didn’t know how to get him smile again．
I stepped back, positioned my camera, and said to the horse, “smile again for the camera,” and he did! He looked right at the camera and gave me a huge horse grin．I actually got two shots of him and he was willing to keep grinning at the camera．
Later on, we published the pictures of the kids and their hayride in the paper but the picture of the horse got the most attention．I have kept that picture in my photo album to this day．And proudly show it off every chance I get．
After that, I was always ready to go and get the story, I had learned how exciting and rewarding interviews and news photography could be．You may think you know your community pretty well．But wonderful surprises are waiting around you．
53．Why did the writer begin to be a reporter?
A．She loved taking photos． B．She liked the rocky mountain town．
C．She wanted to learn interview．
D．Her husband decided to work on a newspaper
54．According to the text, why is the writer proud?
A．She is a good reporter． B．She has taken pictures of the smiling kids．
C．She has taken pictures of the smiling horses
D．She has reported the smiling horse．
55．What does the writer suggest in the last paragraph?
A．Everyone can be a good reporter．
B．Good photos can be rewarded．
C．She was happy to be a reporter after that．
D．Surprise is just in common life．
56．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Experience of a Reporter
B．A Picture of a Smiling Horse
C．Happy to Be a Reporter
D．A Wonderful Picture
（ E ）
A few degrees can make a big difference when it comes to food storage．Foods can go bad if they get too warm．But for many of the world’s poor, finding a good way to keep food cool is difficult．Refrigerators are costly and they need electricity．
Yet spoiled food not only creates health risks but also economic losses．Farmers lose money when they have to throw away products that they cannot sell quickly．
But in 1995, a teacher in northern Nigeria named Mohammed Bath Abba found a solution．He developed the “Pot-in-Pot Preservation/Cooling System．” It uses two round containers made of clay．A smaller pot is placed inside a larger one．
The space between the two pots is filled with wet sand．The inner pot can be filled with fruit, vegetables or drinks．A piece of wet cloth covers the whole cooling system．
Food stored in the smaller pot is kept from spoiling through a simple evaporation （蒸發(fā)） process．Water in the sand between the two pots evaporates through the surface of the larger pot, where drier outside air is moving．
The evaporation process creates a drop in temperature of several degrees．This cools the inner pot and helps keep food safe from harmful bacteria．Some foods can be kept fresh this way for several weeks．
People throughout Nigeria began using the invention．And it became popular with farmers in other African countries．Mohammed Bah Abba personally financed the first five thousand pot-in-pot systems for his own community and five villages nearby．
In 2000, the Rolex Watch Company of Switzerland honored him with the Rolex Award for Enterprise．This award recognizes people trying to develop projects aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being．
A committee considers projects in science and medicine, technology, exploration and discovery, the environment and cultural history．Winners receive financial assistance to help develop and extend their projects．
The award is given every two years．The next one will be given in 2008．
57．According to the text, why will the food in the inner pot not go bad?
A．The temperature is lower than the outside．
B．Both of the pots are made of clay．
C．It is covered with a wet cloth．
D．Drier air is moving outside the pots．
58．What makes foods go bad if they get too warm according to the text?
A．The water in the food． B．The air around the food．
C．The harmful bacteria． D．The writer doesn’t mention it．
59．Rolex Watch Company gave Mohammed Bah Abba an award because _________ ．
A．he saved lots of energy B．he made contribution to common people
C．he was more than a good teacher
D．he
made a great discovery in
60．From the text we can infer this article was probably written in _________．
A．1995 B．1996 C．2000 D．2007
第二節(jié)：閱讀下列材料，從所給的六個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C、D、E、F）中，選出符合各小題要求的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有一項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。
The people below are all looking for a course on Chinese to study．Read the following information about the six courses．Decide which course would be the most suitable for the people mentioned in questions 1―5 and then mark the correct letter （A―F） on your answer sheet．
61．Mathew majors in media and hopes to understand Chinese broadcasting and TV News and
communicate with the Chinese people．
62．Sarah is a leaner of Chinese with a fairly good knowledge of basic Chinese grammar and a
vocabulary of 2500, hoping to improve her Chinese ability in speaking, reading and writing．
63．Lois majors in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language and hopes to improve her ability in
translation．
64．Dennis once has taught himself Chinese and can speak a little Chinese but with poor
pronunciation and grammar, hoping to meet the needs of everyday life and study, and
understand each other in basic communication through training．
65．Georgia specializes in the Chinese language and culture at the average．He plans to have a tour
in China．
A．Comprehensive language skill training
100 lessons in total focusing on pronunciation, grammar and discourse（談話）．To enable the learner to master the basic knowledge of the Chinese language, to have the basic ability of listening, speaking, reading and writing, so that they are able to communicate with others and to meet the need of everyday life, study and society．This will lay a foundation for further study of Chinese．
B．Intermediate （中等） Chinese Comprehensive Course
40 lessons in all, focusing on the training of the comprehensive skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing of intermediate Chinese．To enable the students to recognize, understand and use the active and less active words, to improve their ability of expressing themselves in paragraphs and discourse, to master the new words, patterns, grammatical structures, paragraphs and discourse and means of connections so as to express the meaning of the texts correctly and fluently in paragraphs and discourse．
C．News Listening
Based on frequently used words, typical sentences and information and concentrating on improving the ability of listening comprehension．To improve the ability of collecting information, to grasp the knowledge and skills, they have learned to understand the broadcasting and TV news of similar themes and relevant level of difficulty with the correctness of 80%．To build up the foundation for further study．
D．Elementary English-Chinese Translation
25 classes in total, including various styles such as poems, popular science, political comments and news, about every aspect of everyday life．The texts vary from easy to difficult and combine theory with practice as well as translation and interpretation．About 185 hours are needed．To familiarize the learner with the equivalent（ ）Chinese expressions of English．To enable them to know usage of Chinese and English words and sentences, cultural differences and the background knowledge．
E．Elementary Spoken Chinese in Business
24 units in all．Chinese words and expressions in business and trade are introduced in the form of vivid situational dialogues, notes and exercises．To enable the learner to master the words and expressions of elementary spoken business Chinese and to communicate with others in trade and business．
F．Chinese Human Geography
Introduction to geographic environment and cultural phenomena in various parts of China, such as natural features, historical backgrounds, religious sites, ancient battle fields, dramas and arts, traditional products, and special food, etc．Through the introduction to historical and cultural sites and scenery, the leaner will have a general view about Chinese geography, history, culture and regional features．
第Ⅱ卷 （共40分）
第三部分： 寫(xiě)作（共兩節(jié), 滿(mǎn)分40分）
第一節(jié)：短文改錯(cuò)（共10小題; 每小題1分, 滿(mǎn)分10分）
此題要求改正所給的短文中的10處錯(cuò)誤。要求你在錯(cuò)誤的地方增加、刪除或修改某個(gè)單詞。
增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏詞符號(hào)（∧），并在該詞下寫(xiě)出該加的詞。
刪除：把多余的詞用（ㄍ）劃掉。
修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)上修改后的詞
注意：1．每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；
2．只允許修改10處, 多該不計(jì)分。
例如： It was very nice to get your invitation to spend ∧ weekend with you．Luckily
the
I was completely free then, so I’ll to say “yes”．I’ll arrive in
am on
Friday evening．
One day, Mr. Li accepted an invitation to a large business conference in Dalian．He was felt very pleased and decided to attend it．In the morning of November 12, he arrived at the conference．What a lot businessmen! He got a bit surprised．The people, who invited to the conference, came from the United States, Italy, France, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong included some provinces of China．At the conference, they introduced to their products like textiles, computers, telephones, toys, food and so on．There had more than 50 show for different production．During the conference they build new relation with each other and sold products．
第二節(jié)：書(shū)面表達(dá) （滿(mǎn)分30分）
大學(xué)生活即將開(kāi)始, 你將面臨新的學(xué)習(xí)和生活環(huán)境,請(qǐng)根據(jù)提示寫(xiě)一篇英語(yǔ)短文,談?wù)勀愦蛩闳绾伟才拍愕拇髮W(xué)生活．內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)應(yīng)包括:
* 確定新的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo) * 改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)方法 * 學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立生活
* 參加各種課外活動(dòng) * 處理好與同學(xué)的關(guān)系
注意：（短文的內(nèi)容要連貫、完整；可以適當(dāng)增加你自己的要點(diǎn)）
短文字?jǐn)?shù)：120左右（開(kāi)頭已經(jīng)給出，不記入單詞總數(shù)）
I will go to college in the near future．_______________________________
參 考 答 案
1―20 AABAB CDBAC ADCCB CBADC 21―40 BADCB DABCA ADDCB BCADB 41―60 ABDA CCCD BABC DCDB ACBD 61―65 CBDAF
One day, Mr．Li accepted (received) an invitation to a large business conference in Dalian．He was felt very pleased and decided to attend it．In (On) the morning of November 12, he arrived at the conference．What a lot (of) businessmen! He got a bit surprised．The people, who(were) invited to the conference, came from the United States, Italy, France, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong included (including)some provinces of China．At the conference , they introduced to their products like textiles, computers, telephones, toys, food and so on．There had(were) more than 50 show (shows) for different production．During the conference they build (built) new relation with each other and sold products．
Writing
I’ll go to college in the near future．The first thing I’ll do after I enter college is to set new goals in my study．Then I plan to improve my way of learning so that I can face the challenge of high education．What’s more, as I am away from my parents, it is necessary for me to learn to live on my own, such as doing some washing and cleaning by myself．I will make use of my spare time to take part in different kinds of school activities, for example, I will often go to the English Corner to practise my spoken English．In addition, as a freshman at college, I need to get along well with my classmates and teachers at college．I am quite optimistic about my college life．
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南開(kāi)中學(xué)初2009級(jí)(下)第一次月考化學(xué)試題
(滿(mǎn)分70分，與物理共用120分鐘)
可能用到的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量：H：1 O：16 K：39 N：14 Ag：108 Cl: 35.5
三水中學(xué)高二年級(jí)2009年3月階段性測(cè)試
文科數(shù)學(xué)試題
命題人：曾仕欠
參考公式：
高二年級(jí)2009年3月階段性測(cè)試文科數(shù)學(xué)試題.files/image002.gif)
, 高二年級(jí)2009年3月階段性測(cè)試文科數(shù)學(xué)試題.files/image004.gif)
用最小二乘法求線性回歸方程系數(shù)公式： 高二年級(jí)2009年3月階段性測(cè)試文科數(shù)學(xué)試題.files/image006.gif)
參考數(shù)據(jù)：
高二年級(jí)2009年3月階段性測(cè)試文科數(shù)學(xué)試題.files/image008.gif)
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.010
0.005
0.001
高二年級(jí)2009年3月階段性測(cè)試文科數(shù)學(xué)試題.files/image010.gif)
2.706
3.841
5.024
6.635
7.879
10.828
第I卷（選擇題 共50分）
區(qū)域地理環(huán)境與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)
1．區(qū)域的含義。
2．不同區(qū)域自然環(huán)境、人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的差異。
3．不同發(fā)展階段地理環(huán)境對(duì)人類(lèi)生產(chǎn)和生活方式的影響。
4．遙感(RS)在資源普查、環(huán)境和災(zāi)害監(jiān)測(cè)l中的應(yīng)用。
5．全球定位系統(tǒng)((}PS)在定位導(dǎo)航中的應(yīng)用。
6．地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)在城市管理中的功能。
7．?dāng)?shù)字地球的含義。
考點(diǎn)一區(qū)域的特點(diǎn)分析
區(qū)域的特點(diǎn)與區(qū)域的性質(zhì)、區(qū)域劃分的指標(biāo)和方法有關(guān)。
(1) 層次性，即區(qū)域之間是有等級(jí)差異的，如圖所示
(2)差異性，指同級(jí)別區(qū)域之間的差異。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，區(qū)域等級(jí)越高，區(qū)域內(nèi)部越復(fù)雜，同一性越小，區(qū)域間差異性越大；反之，區(qū)域等級(jí)越低，區(qū)域本身越簡(jiǎn)單，區(qū)域內(nèi)同一性越大，區(qū)域間差異也越小。
(3)整體性，即組成區(qū)域的各要素相互聯(lián)系、相互影響、相互制約的關(guān)系。如圖所示：
(4)可變性，即區(qū)域范圍、區(qū)域界線具有一定的變化，具體表現(xiàn)如下：
考點(diǎn)二 長(zhǎng)江三角洲和松嫩平原地理環(huán)境差異及其對(duì)區(qū)域發(fā)展的影響
長(zhǎng)江三角洲
松嫩平原
地
理
環(huán)
境
差
異
地理位置
30°N附近，地處東部沿海地區(qū)中部，長(zhǎng)江的入�？�
43°N~48°N，地處東北地區(qū)中部
氣候條件
亞熱帶季風(fēng)氣候，年降水量1
溫帶季風(fēng)氣候；降水較少，溫暖季節(jié)短，生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)短
土地條件
水稻土為主，耕地多為水田：較分散；人均耕地低于全國(guó)平均水平一
黑土為主，耕地多為旱一地，集中連片，人均耕地高于全國(guó)平均水平
礦產(chǎn)資源
貧乏
有較豐富的石油
區(qū)
域
經(jīng)
濟(jì)
發(fā)
展
農(nóng)
業(yè)
類(lèi)型
水田耕作業(yè)、水產(chǎn)業(yè)
旱地耕作業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)
農(nóng)作物
水稻、油菜、棉花
玉米、春小麥、大豆
熟制
一年兩熟至三熟
一年一熟
商業(yè)貿(mào)易
交通便利：對(duì)內(nèi)對(duì)外聯(lián)系方便，商業(yè)貿(mào)易發(fā)達(dá)
地處內(nèi)陸，對(duì)內(nèi)對(duì)外聯(lián)系不便，商業(yè)貿(mào)易落后
工業(yè)
依托農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展輕工業(yè)，從國(guó)內(nèi)外運(yùn)人礦產(chǎn)資源發(fā)展重工業(yè)，成為重要的綜合性工業(yè)基地
利用當(dāng)?shù)刎S富的石油資源和周?chē)貐^(qū)的煤、鐵等資源發(fā)展重化工業(yè)，成為重化工業(yè)基地
考點(diǎn)三對(duì)比掌握地理信息技術(shù)
地
理
信
息
系
統(tǒng)
概況
概念
簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)GIS，是一種以采集、存儲(chǔ)、管理、分析和描述地球表面與地理分布有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的空間信息系統(tǒng)
組成
硬件設(shè)備、GIS軟件、地理數(shù)據(jù)、GIS人員、應(yīng)用模型
工作
過(guò)程
主要包括地理數(shù)據(jù)的輸入、存儲(chǔ)， 地理數(shù)據(jù)的操作和分析，以及地理信息輸出等環(huán)節(jié)。首要工作是建立地理數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，對(duì)于圖形數(shù)據(jù)的輸入，常用的方法是掃描紙質(zhì)地圖后進(jìn)行數(shù)字化處理。數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)采用“分層技術(shù)”，即將地圖中的不同地理要素，存儲(chǔ)在不同的“圖層”中．將不同的“圖層”要素進(jìn)行重疊，就形成不同主題的地圖。一個(gè)GIs系統(tǒng)中，可能包含多十豳層：在具體操作。中，往往涉及部分圖層，而不是所有的圖層
應(yīng)用
領(lǐng)域
資源調(diào)查、環(huán)境評(píng)估、災(zāi)害預(yù)測(cè)、國(guó)土管理、城市規(guī)劃、郵電通信、交通運(yùn)輸、公安、水利、公共設(shè)施、商業(yè)金融等
在城市管理中的應(yīng)用
城市規(guī)劃與管理
主要是利用GIS技術(shù)進(jìn)行城市規(guī)劃的設(shè)計(jì)、工程遺址等，也可進(jìn)行城市管理和輔助決策
基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施
管理
借助GIS完成工程設(shè)計(jì)、應(yīng)急搶修、日常維護(hù)等工作
土地利用與管理
完成對(duì)土地利用狀況的監(jiān)控和管理
生態(tài)環(huán)境
管理
實(shí)現(xiàn)城市生態(tài)規(guī)劃、環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)、環(huán)境與區(qū)域可持續(xù)發(fā)展的決策分析、環(huán)保設(shè)施的管理等
遙感
技術(shù)
概況
概念
簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)Rs，是指借助對(duì)電磁波敏感的儀器，在不與探測(cè)目標(biāo)接觸的情況下，記錄目標(biāo)物對(duì)電磁波的輻射、反射、傲射等信息，并通過(guò)分析，揭示目標(biāo)物的特征、性質(zhì)及其變化綜合的探測(cè)技術(shù)
原理
物體都在不停地發(fā)射、反射和吸收電磁波，不同的物體對(duì)電磁波發(fā)射、反射和吸收的特性不同
特點(diǎn)
現(xiàn)代遙感技術(shù)視域廣闊；監(jiān)測(cè)范圍大，可覆蓋整個(gè)地球，能夠瞬時(shí)成像、實(shí)時(shí)傳輸、快速處理，迅速獲取信息和實(shí)施動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)
技術(shù)
系統(tǒng)
由遙感平臺(tái)、傳感器、信息傳輸裝置、數(shù)字或圖像處理設(shè)備以及相關(guān)技術(shù)等組成
分類(lèi)
航天
遙感
利用各種航天器作為運(yùn)載工具，主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是覆蓋范圍大，不受領(lǐng)空限制，可進(jìn)行定期、重復(fù)觀測(cè)等
航空
遙感
利用飛機(jī)攜帶遙感儀器的遙感。主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是機(jī)動(dòng)性強(qiáng)，可以根據(jù)研究主題選擇適當(dāng)?shù)膫鞲衅�、適當(dāng)?shù)娘w行高度和飛行區(qū)域
近地
遙感
指距地面高度在幾十米內(nèi)的遙感。主要用于城市遙感、海面污染監(jiān)測(cè)、森林火災(zāi)監(jiān)測(cè)等中商分辨率的遙感任務(wù)
應(yīng)用
資源普查
勘探礦產(chǎn)資源，調(diào)查生物資源、水資源等
環(huán)境災(zāi)害監(jiān)測(cè)
監(jiān)測(cè)洪澇災(zāi)害、森林火災(zāi)、全球氣候變化、大氣污染等
全
球
定
位
系
統(tǒng)
概況
概念
簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)GPs，是具有在海、陸、空進(jìn)行全方位、全天候、實(shí)時(shí)三維導(dǎo)航與定位功能的新一代衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航與定位系統(tǒng)
組成
空間部分
GPs衛(wèi)星星座。由21顆工作衛(wèi)星和3顆在軌備用衛(wèi)星組成，24顆衛(wèi)星均勻分布在6個(gè)軌道平面內(nèi)
地面控制
部分
地面監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。包括，5個(gè)監(jiān)控站、1個(gè)主控站和3個(gè)信息注人站
用戶(hù)設(shè)備
部分
GPS信號(hào)接收機(jī)。接收機(jī)能夠接收到GPS衛(wèi)星的信號(hào)，實(shí)時(shí)計(jì)算出三維坐標(biāo)、運(yùn)動(dòng)速度以及時(shí)間
應(yīng)用
最初設(shè)計(jì)主要出于軍事目的，目前已在交通、郵電、地礦、公安等部門(mén)和行業(yè)得到廣泛使用，逐步深入人們的1日常生活�？茖W(xué)家用它來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)地殼的微小移動(dòng)，從而幫助預(yù)報(bào)地震；與GIS、Rs結(jié)合，為資源調(diào)查、工程管理、精細(xì)農(nóng)業(yè)服務(wù)等
數(shù)字
地球
是指數(shù)字化的地球。即把整個(gè)地球信息進(jìn)行數(shù)字化后，由計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)管理的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)。其核心就是用數(shù)字化的手段來(lái)處理整個(gè)地球的自然和社會(huì)等方面的問(wèn)題
1．不能正確判斷區(qū)域位置
區(qū)域定位是解決區(qū)域地理特征問(wèn)題的前提，若此問(wèn)題解決，解題的錯(cuò)誤幾率也就減少了。現(xiàn)以中國(guó)為例來(lái)說(shuō)明：
(1)利用重要的經(jīng)緯線作參照點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行空間定位。
我國(guó)主體位于75。E～120。E之間(而美國(guó)大體位于75°w～120°W之間)
90°E過(guò)天山東端及孟加拉灣，100°E過(guò)青海湖，1lO°E過(guò)海南島，120°E過(guò)北京以東、渤海、上海以西、臺(tái)灣海峽西側(cè)，20°N過(guò)�？�，23°
(2)根據(jù)突出的區(qū)域特征定位。
①突出的生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題：如西南多滑坡、泥石流，黃土高原多水土流失，華北平原鹽堿化嚴(yán)重、多中低產(chǎn)田等。
②突出的氣候特征：如吐魯番夏季最熱，青藏高原夏季是我國(guó)氣溫的低值區(qū)等。
③特有或馳名的動(dòng)植物：如青稞、牦牛為青藏高原所特有。
④典型的土壤特征：如江南丘陵多紅壤，四川盆地多紫色土。
⑤突出的地貌特征：如云貴高原的喀斯特地貌等。
2．混淆區(qū)域差異的重要地理分界線
(1)地勢(shì)三級(jí)階梯界線
人類(lèi)活動(dòng)與地理環(huán)境
1．地理環(huán)境各要素的相互作用，地理環(huán)境的整體性。
2．地理環(huán)境的地域分異規(guī)律。
3．地表形態(tài)對(duì)聚落及交通線路分布的影響。
4．全球氣候變化對(duì)人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的影響。
5．自然資源對(duì)人類(lèi)生存與發(fā)展的意義。
6．人地關(guān)系思想的歷史演變與人類(lèi)所面臨的主要環(huán)境問(wèn)題�？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展的基本‘內(nèi)涵，協(xié)調(diào)人地關(guān)系的主要途徑。
考點(diǎn)一
自然地理環(huán)境的整體性
1．自然地理環(huán)境具有統(tǒng)二的演化過(guò)程
地理環(huán)境各要素的發(fā)展變化是統(tǒng)一的，每一個(gè)地理要素的演化都是自然地理環(huán)境演化的一個(gè)方面，如我國(guó)西北地區(qū)，氣候、水文、土壤等自然要素共同構(gòu)成了西北地區(qū)獨(dú)特的荒漠景觀。(如右圖)
2．地理要素的變化會(huì)“牽一發(fā)面動(dòng)全身”
地理環(huán)境的整體性還表現(xiàn)在某一地理要素的變化會(huì)導(dǎo)致其他要素以及整個(gè)地理環(huán)境狀態(tài)的改變。下圖為森林破壞后對(duì)地理環(huán)境的影響。
考點(diǎn)二 自然地理環(huán)境的差異性
1.地帶性規(guī)律
分異規(guī)律
形成基礎(chǔ)
影響因素
分布規(guī)律
主要分布地區(qū)典型事例
文字
圖式
由赤道到兩極的地域分異(緯度地帶性)
主導(dǎo)：熱量重要：水分
太陽(yáng)輻射(緯度 位置)
緯線延伸，緯度
更替(東西延伸，南北更替)。低、高緯度地區(qū)明顯
非溯沿20°E經(jīng)
線，自然帶的變化
從沿海向內(nèi)陸的地域分異(經(jīng)度地帶、性)
主導(dǎo)；水分重要：熱量
海陸分布(海陸 位置)
經(jīng)線延伸，經(jīng)度
更替(南北延伸，東西更替)。中緯度地區(qū)明顯
亞歐大陸中緯度地區(qū)從沿海向內(nèi)陸依次為：森林、草原、荒漠
山地垂直地域分異(垂直地帶性)
主導(dǎo)；熱量重要：水分
海拔高度
從山麓到山頂更替，高山、高原地區(qū)明顯(水平延伸，垂直更
替)
喜馬拉雅山盼垂直自然帶分布
2．非地帶性因素及其影響
地表自然地理現(xiàn)象的分布，并不都具備地帶性分布規(guī)律，許多地理現(xiàn)象受非地帶性因素的影響產(chǎn)生非地帶性規(guī)律，概述如下：
(1)地形起伏。如南美安第斯山南段西側(cè)是多雨的溫帶森林，而同緯度的山脈東側(cè)因地處西風(fēng)帶背風(fēng)地帶，形成了干燥的巴塔哥尼亞荒漠。南北美洲西部沿海地區(qū)，各自然帶緊逼西海岸，其空間分布范圍受到極大的約束，而且與東部地區(qū)的自然帶隔斷，這是由于科迪勒拉山系分布于美洲大陸西部沿海地區(qū)的結(jié)果。
(2)海陸分布。如北半球高緯度的苔原帶和亞寒帶針葉林帶呈東西延伸、南北交替的現(xiàn)象十分明顯，而南半球因相同緯度絕大部分是海洋，因而沒(méi)有苔原帶和亞寒帶針葉林帶的分布。
(3)局部水分的變化。如熱帶荒漠帶和溫帶荒漠帶中呈斑點(diǎn)狀或條帶狀分布的綠洲。
(4)局部巖石性質(zhì)的變化。如在四川盆地的亞熱帶常綠闊葉林中，由紫紅色的砂巖、頁(yè)巖風(fēng)化而成的紫色土。
(5)局部水分礦化度的變化。如在沿海平原的溫帶落葉闊葉林中，由于鹽分變高出現(xiàn)的堿蓬草地。
(6)局部環(huán)境和洋流。同一自然帶，受暖流影響一側(cè)自然帶向高緯延伸且面積要廣闊一些，寒流一側(cè)則向低緯延伸。如歐洲西部斯堪的納維亞半島西側(cè)因受北大西洋暖流影響，溫帶落葉闊葉林帶向高緯延伸到北極圈以北地區(qū)；而南美西岸因受秘魯寒流影響，熱帶荒漠帶向低緯度延伸至赤道附近。
(7)局部地?zé)岙惓�。如在冰島，苔原是這里的地帶性植被，但在熱泉附近卻分布著草甸。
(8)人為作用。如在沙漠邊緣營(yíng)造防護(hù)林、圍海造田、培育水稻土等活動(dòng)都可以產(chǎn)生對(duì)地帶性規(guī)律的影響等。
非地帶性分布可由一種或幾種非地帶性因素影響所致。如湖泊、沼澤這種非地帶性分布就是在地勢(shì)低洼和水濕這兩種非地帶性因素共同作用下形成的�？傊�，由于這些非地帶性因素的影響，使地帶性分布規(guī)律變得不很完整或不很鮮明，使自然環(huán)境更加復(fù)雜�？梢哉f(shuō)，任一自然帶的形成都是地帶性因素和非地帶性因素共同作用的結(jié)果。
考點(diǎn)三地表形態(tài)對(duì)聚落及交通線路的影響
1．地表形態(tài)對(duì)聚落及交通線路的影響
(1)宏觀上，我國(guó)北方地勢(shì)平坦、相對(duì)開(kāi)闊的平原地區(qū)，村落的規(guī)模一般較大，多呈團(tuán)聚型、棋盤(pán)式的格局，聚居的人口也比較多；但在南方地形復(fù)雜的丘陵地區(qū)和山區(qū)，村落的規(guī)模一般都比較小，空間分布相對(duì)分散，聚居的人口也比較少。
(2)微觀上，洪積扇、沖積扇、河漫灘、三角洲平原等河流地貌對(duì)河流流經(jīng)地區(qū)的聚落分布均具有比較明顯的影響。
河流地貌特點(diǎn)
聚落分布形態(tài)
聚落分布地區(qū)
舉例
高原
河谷深切，地勢(shì)低，兩岸泥沙淤積成河漫灘平原
多呈帶狀
分布在深切河谷的兩岸狹窄的河漫灘平原上
雅魯藏布江谷地、湟水谷地
山區(qū)
山前形成洪積扇、沖積扇和河流兩岸狹窄的河漫灘平原，地勢(shì)平坦，水資源豐富
形成明顯的條帶狀
主要分布于洪積扇、沖積扇和河漫灘平原上
山區(qū)的山前和河流
兩岸
沖積平原(三角洲平原)
地勢(shì)平坦，面積較大，
土壤肥沃，水資源豐富，河網(wǎng)密布
呈帶狀，表現(xiàn)為沿海聚落帶和沿河聚落帶
沿海發(fā)展或沿河發(fā)展
珠江三角洲、長(zhǎng)江中下游平原
2.地表形態(tài)對(duì)交通線路分布的影響
（1）在平原地區(qū)，地形對(duì)交通建設(shè)的限制較少。在人口稠密的平原地區(qū)，交通線路一般呈網(wǎng)狀分布。
(2)山區(qū)地形起伏較大，交通建設(shè)的限制性因素比較多。山區(qū)的鐵路和公路等交通線路常選在地勢(shì)相對(duì)和緩的山間盆地和河谷地帶，而且往往需要迂同前進(jìn)。如為了減緩道路的坡度；山區(qū)公路多呈“之”字形彎曲。
考點(diǎn)四 全球氣候變化對(duì)近代人類(lèi)活動(dòng)、社會(huì)發(fā)展的影響
1．導(dǎo)致生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)整
不利的一面：表現(xiàn)為改變植被群落的結(jié)構(gòu)、組成及生物量，使森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的空間格局發(fā)生變化，同時(shí)也造成生物多樣性的減少；由于氣候變暖，物種將易于患病和遭受害蟲(chóng)襲擊，一些物種將由于難以適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化而導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)率降低，某些脆弱性物種滅絕的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)增加。有利的一面：植物光合作用將會(huì)增強(qiáng)，植物的生產(chǎn)率也將會(huì)唷一定幅度的提高。
2．導(dǎo)致海平面的上升
原因：氣溫升高，極冰融化，以及海水膨脹，海平面上升造成的后果：對(duì)世界沿海地帶造成嚴(yán)重影響，如沿海低地被淹，海水入侵等；還會(huì)導(dǎo)致區(qū)域差異，例如，三角洲和沿海平原由于地面沉降，測(cè)到的海平面上升幅度會(huì)大于全球平均值。
3．可能導(dǎo)致干旱、洪澇、暴雨等災(zāi)害事件的增加
北半球高緯度和中緯度大部分地區(qū)的降水將會(huì)增加，而大部分干旱、半干旱區(qū)域財(cái)因蒸發(fā)增強(qiáng)變得更加干燥。此外，熱帶氣旋的強(qiáng)度和頻率將會(huì)明顯增加。
4．對(duì)人類(lèi)健康的威脅會(huì)增加
全球氣候變暖將會(huì)威脅人類(lèi)，特別是熱帶、亞熱帶國(guó)家的低收入人口的健康。全球氣候變暖，使得熱帶、亞熱帶地區(qū)炎熱天氣出現(xiàn)的頻率增加，從而加快或擾亂人體的新陳代謝。全球氣候變暖，還會(huì)改變某些疾病傳染媒介(如蚊子)的活動(dòng)范圍，改變病原菌的滋生環(huán)境，從而影響人類(lèi)的健康。
考點(diǎn)五 自然資源對(duì)人類(lèi)生存與發(fā)展的意義
1．水資源影響到人類(lèi)社會(huì)的發(fā)展
水是人類(lèi)社會(huì)賴(lài)以生存和發(fā)展的不可替代的自然資源，是人類(lèi)社會(huì)發(fā)展的重要物質(zhì)條件。
(1)水資源的數(shù)量會(huì)影響到經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)規(guī)模的大小
①農(nóng)業(yè)：水資源豐富的地區(qū)，往往會(huì)成為重要的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)。如我國(guó)的江南地區(qū)，河網(wǎng)密布，水量充足，加上氣候溫暖濕潤(rùn)、地勢(shì)平坦，逐漸發(fā)展成為重要的水稻產(chǎn)區(qū)。
②工業(yè)：有些工業(yè)在進(jìn)行布局時(shí)，必須考慮到要有充足的水源。因?yàn)檫@些工業(yè)在進(jìn)行工業(yè)生產(chǎn)時(shí)，必須消耗大量的水資源。如鋼鐵廠、化工廠等。
③內(nèi)河航運(yùn)：河流流程長(zhǎng)，水量大，河道寬且相對(duì)平坦，往往是內(nèi)河航運(yùn)發(fā)達(dá)的地方。如中國(guó)的長(zhǎng)江、歐洲的萊茵河、美國(guó)的密西西比河等。
④人的居住地：人類(lèi)的居住地大多布局在地勢(shì)平垣、水源充足的河谷地帶或平原地區(qū)。
(2)水資源的質(zhì)量會(huì)影響到一個(gè)地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益質(zhì)量不同，開(kāi)發(fā)利用方式不同，開(kāi)發(fā)利用過(guò)程中的成本投入、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、市場(chǎng)售價(jià)等就不同，相應(yīng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益也不同。如礦泉水的生產(chǎn)，水質(zhì)的好壞直接會(huì)影響到生產(chǎn)、銷(xiāo)售和效益。
2.各類(lèi)資源的損失途徑
自然資源
基本損失途徑
土地資源
砍伐森林，由于不適當(dāng)?shù)拈_(kāi)墾、灌溉和放牧引起的沙漠化和鹽堿化，水土流失造成的地力下降，工礦交通和城鄉(xiāng)民用建設(shè)占地
氣候資源
由于植被減少，沙漠化和城市化引起的氣候異常頻次增加，災(zāi)害增多
水資源
因工農(nóng)業(yè)和城鄉(xiāng)生活用水，水污染引起的可使用水減少，氣侯異常導(dǎo)致降水更加不均
生物資源
由于生物棲息地縮小和過(guò)度捕殺、捕撈、采集以及污染引起的生物種群減少，物種滅絕速度加快
海洋資源
過(guò)度的海洋捕撈和海洋污染
能源與礦產(chǎn)
開(kāi)采和使用，尤其是破壞性開(kāi)采和使用造成浪費(fèi)
旅游資源
不合理的建設(shè)，生態(tài)破壞和環(huán)境污染
考點(diǎn)六 人類(lèi)與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展
1.主要環(huán)境問(wèn)題的表現(xiàn)
環(huán)境問(wèn)題
原因
典型事例
資源
短缺
水資源、土地資源、礦產(chǎn)資源、
能源短缺
人類(lèi)對(duì)資源的過(guò)度索取
華北平原用水緊張，非可再生資源面臨枯竭
生
態(tài)
破
壞
水土流失、土地荒漠化加劇
自然植被遭破壞
黃土高原的水土流失，中國(guó)荒漠化趨勢(shì)與沙塵暴，古巴比倫王國(guó)的消失
生物多樣性減少
生物的生存環(huán)境遭到破壞或過(guò)度捕獵等原因
大熊貓、華南虎、藏羚羊等數(shù)量日益減少
環(huán)
境
污
染
大氣污染、水污染、土壤污染
工業(yè)三廢和有害人體健康的農(nóng)藥任意排放
泰晤士河上的悲劇
固體廢棄物污染
生產(chǎn)和生活中的大量垃圾堆放
街道垃圾的任意堆放
噪聲污染
交通、工廠等
噪聲――無(wú)形的殺手
放射性污染
放射性物質(zhì)泄漏
原蘇聯(lián)切爾諾貝利核電站泄漏
海洋污染
各類(lèi)污染物排人海洋
渤海灣大赤潮、日本水俁灣事件、海上石油泄漏
2.列表對(duì)比可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基本原則
原則
含義
具體做法
例證
公平性
原則
資源分配在時(shí)間和空間上應(yīng)體現(xiàn)公平。時(shí)間上的公平，即“代際公平”，空間上的公平又稱(chēng)“代內(nèi)公平”
保護(hù)生物多樣性，應(yīng)和子孫后代共享資源和環(huán)境，各國(guó)都有發(fā)展權(quán)；優(yōu)先消除貧困
①保護(hù)大熊貓的棲息環(huán)境；②我國(guó)“八五”期間扶貧攻堅(jiān)
持續(xù)性
原則
人類(lèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展在不超越資源與環(huán)境承載力的基礎(chǔ)上，保持發(fā)展的持續(xù)性
保持適度的開(kāi)發(fā)規(guī)模，合理開(kāi)發(fā)利用資源，處理好發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)與保護(hù)環(huán)境的關(guān)系
在各個(gè)海域?qū)嵭蟹拘轁O制度；牧場(chǎng)輪封輪牧
共同性
原則
_國(guó)家和地方的決策和行動(dòng)應(yīng)有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)全球的整體協(xié)調(diào)
建立良好的國(guó)際，秩序和合作關(guān)系，制定各國(guó)都可以接受的全球性目標(biāo)和政策
我國(guó)積極參與國(guó)際事務(wù)，積極推進(jìn)全球環(huán)境保護(hù)
階段性
原則
可持續(xù)發(fā)展是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程，各國(guó)各地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)不同，可持續(xù)發(fā)展所承擔(dān)的責(zé)任和義務(wù)不同
發(fā)展中國(guó)家處在可持續(xù)發(fā)展的初級(jí)階段，仍以經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展為主要目標(biāo)；發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家處在可持續(xù)發(fā)展的高級(jí)階段，經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展成為主要目標(biāo)，在資源與環(huán)境的保護(hù)方面應(yīng)承擔(dān)更多的責(zé)任和義務(wù)
世界銀行為我國(guó)荒漠化提供貸款
1．山地垂直地域分異規(guī)律易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
(1)山地的垂直地域分異規(guī)律與水平地域分異規(guī)律的不同：前者無(wú)溫度帶，后者有溫度帶。
(2)山地的垂直地域分異規(guī)律：從山麓到山頂?shù)淖匀粠ё兓?lèi)似于由赤道向兩極的自然帶變化。
(3)可根據(jù)不同山坡的自然帶分布的海拔高度的不同，判斷山坡坡向：
東西走向的山：自然帶海拔分布高的為陽(yáng)坡，自然帶海拔分布低的為陰坡。(如喜馬拉雅山)
南北走向的山(溫帶地區(qū))：自然帶海拔分布高的為背風(fēng)坡，自然帶海拔分布低的為迎風(fēng)坡。(如太行山，；迎風(fēng)坡降水多，但氣溫稍低，在背風(fēng)坡相同的海拔高度，其降水量比迎風(fēng)坡少，但氣溫偏高。因此背風(fēng)坡同迎風(fēng)坡降水量和氣溫大體相同的地方，其海拔高度要高于迎風(fēng)坡，故背風(fēng)坡的自然帶分布海拔要比迎風(fēng)坡的高)
(4)根據(jù)雪線的高低判斷迎風(fēng)坡和背風(fēng)坡：雪線高的為背風(fēng)坡，雪線低的為迎風(fēng)坡。(山地迎風(fēng)坡降水豐富，冰雪量大，融化慢，因此雪線低；山地背風(fēng)坡降水少，冰雪量小，融化快，因此雪線高)。
(5)根據(jù)山麓地帶的自然帶判斷該地所處的溫度帶。
(6)山地垂直自然帶分布的一般規(guī)律：從山麓到山頂依次是：闊葉林、針闊混交林、針葉林、灌木、草甸、高寒荒漠、冰川。(不同的山，分布是不一樣的，這只是一般的規(guī)律，應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的山地具體分析）。
說(shuō)明：該知識(shí)點(diǎn)易錯(cuò)的原因主要是學(xué)生不能正確的判斷山地的陰陽(yáng)坡，迎風(fēng)坡和背風(fēng)坡。
2．水平地域分異規(guī)律易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
由赤道到兩極的地域分異規(guī)律中自然帶的延伸方向?yàn)榫暰�方向，即東西方向；而更替方向?yàn)榻?jīng)度變化的方向，即南北方向；典型地區(qū)是在低緯度和高緯度地區(qū)。
從沿海到內(nèi)陸的地域分異規(guī)律中自然帶的延伸方向?yàn)榻?jīng)線方向即南北方向，更替方向?yàn)榻?jīng)度變化方向即東西方向，典型地區(qū)為中緯度地區(qū)。
說(shuō)明：該知識(shí)點(diǎn)佚誤較多的原因是學(xué)生對(duì)方向判斷出現(xiàn)混亂。
【例1】下圖為45~S附近某地區(qū)，其中①④處分別為太平洋
與大西洋，②③處為陸地，80°、60°為經(jīng)度，回答第(1)～(2)題。
(1)下列有關(guān)四地的敘述，正確的是 ( )
A．①處所屬的板塊名稱(chēng)是南極洲板塊
B．②處風(fēng)力沉積作用明顯
C．③處的自然植被類(lèi)型可能是亞熱帶常綠闊葉林
D．④處相對(duì)于①處表層海域溫度低、鹽度低
(2)自②處向北，自然帶的變化規(guī)律反映的是 ( )
A．由赤道向兩極的地域分異
B．由沿海向內(nèi)陸的地域分異
C．山地的垂直地域分異 D．不規(guī)律的非地帶性分布
思維誤區(qū)：不能根據(jù)題中給出的有效信息來(lái)判斷該區(qū)地理位置，對(duì)于六大板塊的分布在頭腦中記憶模糊，造成第(1)題易錯(cuò)選B。第(2)題易錯(cuò)選C。
點(diǎn)撥：根據(jù)45°S、80°w、60°w，①④處分別為太平洋和大西洋，可判斷該區(qū)域?yàn)槟厦乐弈隙�，①處板塊應(yīng)屬于南極洲板塊。自②處向北自然帶依次為溫帶落葉闊葉林帶、亞熱帶常綠硬葉林帶、熱帶荒漠帶，反映由赤道向兩極變化規(guī)律。
答案：(1)A(2)A
【例2】鐵路建設(shè)受地理環(huán)境的影響。下列鐵路對(duì)應(yīng)的線路特征描述最合適的是 ( )
A．京哈鐵路――以橋代路 B．蘭新鐵路――起伏劇烈
C．京滬鐵路――迂回曲折 D．成昆鐵路――橋隧相連
思維誤區(qū)：影響交通線路分布的因素有自然、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)等，一般而言，交通線
最好經(jīng)過(guò)地形平坦、自然條件優(yōu)越的地區(qū)，這樣不僅可以減少施工費(fèi)用，而且有利于交通線的維護(hù)；另外，還要考慮沿線地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)、人口稠密的地區(qū)，應(yīng)布局稠密的交通線。做題時(shí)不能正確分析不同地區(qū)影響交通線布局的區(qū)位因素及不同線路穿過(guò)的地形區(qū)特征易造成錯(cuò)選A或B。
解析：京哈鐵路主要經(jīng)過(guò)東北平原，地形平坦，鐵路建設(shè)不需要以橋代路；蘭新鐵路主要經(jīng)過(guò)河西走廊，地勢(shì)起伏不劇烈；京滬鐵路經(jīng)過(guò)平原地區(qū)，地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定，沒(méi)有必要迂回
曲折；成昆鐵路經(jīng)過(guò)橫斷山脈東部和云貴高原，地形起伏較大，因此該線橋隧相連。
答案：D
如圖是我國(guó)四個(gè)山地的垂直區(qū)域分異示意圖，讀圖回答1～2題。
1．根據(jù)四個(gè)山地植被分布情況，判斷它們的緯度由低到高依次是 ( )
A．①②③④ B．②①④③ C．①②④③ D．②①③④
2．四個(gè)山地中，①山地垂直植被類(lèi)型最多的主要原因是( )
A．相對(duì)高度大 B.熱量豐富 C．緯度位置低 D.降水量大
3.關(guān)于火災(zāi)多發(fā)區(qū)的敘述，正確的是 ( )
A.位于亞歐板塊和太平洋板塊交界處，多火山地震
B.氣候終年炎熱干燥，
C.經(jīng)濟(jì)落后，人口稀少
D.此時(shí)農(nóng)民正為播種小麥做準(zhǔn)備
4．沿經(jīng)線方向從火災(zāi)多發(fā)地到洪水區(qū) ( )
A-自然帶更替主要表現(xiàn)為于濕度地帶分異
B。年降水量逐漸增多
C，當(dāng)日的正午太陽(yáng)高度逐漸變大、
D．當(dāng)日的晝長(zhǎng)逐漸變長(zhǎng)
分析下表中內(nèi)容，回答5～7題
社會(huì)階段
采獵文明
農(nóng)業(yè)文明
工業(yè)文明
生產(chǎn)力水平
低
中
高
自然資源的依賴(lài)性
強(qiáng)
中
弱
自然資源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用范圍和規(guī)模
小
中
大
對(duì)自然資源的利用方式
簡(jiǎn)單
中等
多樣化
對(duì)自然資源的利用效率
低
中
高
5．分析表格中自然資源利用范圍和規(guī)模、利用方式、利用效率變化的根本原因是 ( )
A．人口數(shù)量的增多 B．生產(chǎn)力水平的不斷提高
C．資源的不斷變化 D．社會(huì)的不斷更替
6．關(guān)于農(nóng)業(yè)文明階段，下列說(shuō)法正確_的是 ( )
A．農(nóng)業(yè)文明階段以制造和使用金屬工具為標(biāo)志
B．土地?cái)?shù)量成為影響人類(lèi)生存和發(fā)展的重要因素
C．在土地貧瘠或難以開(kāi)墾的地區(qū)，人地矛盾突出
D．人類(lèi)通過(guò)．歐伐森林、開(kāi)墾草原，使土地質(zhì)量不斷提高
7．關(guān)于工業(yè)文明階段下列不屬于土地資源呈現(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)的是 ( )
A．利用方式的多樣化 B．土地的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量不斷提高
C．非農(nóng)業(yè)用地的質(zhì)量是以土地的區(qū)位和用途來(lái)衡量的
D．土地退化和土壤污染帶來(lái)的食物安全問(wèn)題將會(huì)威脅人類(lèi)的生存和發(fā)展
為減少環(huán)境污染、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境，必須走可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路。循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)即是其中的一條重要措施。讀某地循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)示意圖’回答8～9題
8.下列對(duì)圖中循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的理解，錯(cuò)誤的是（ ）
A.發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)是轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式的唯一途徑
B．發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)廢棄物再利用，使資源得以充分利用
C．循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式既能促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，又能降低環(huán)境污染
D．在農(nóng)業(yè)中推行循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)有利于調(diào)整農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，并增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)
9．我國(guó)下列省區(qū)中，最適宜推廣圖中循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)模式的是( )
A．青海省 B．四川省 C．廣東省 D．河南省
10．越來(lái)越多的事實(shí)表明，全球氣候正在發(fā)生著深刻的變化。
閱讀材料，回答下列問(wèn)題。
(1)材料一反映出我國(guó)近30年來(lái)，氣溫變化呈現(xiàn)出什么規(guī)律?
(2)材料二反映了我國(guó)氣溫變化在地域上有什么差異?就全球而言，增溫最明顯的可能是什么溫度帶?
(3)全球的這種變化趨勢(shì)，會(huì)造成什么后果?
(4)造成全球氣候變化的主要原因是什么?
(5)有哪些措施可減少C02等溫室氣體的排放?
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