18．One hundred years ago，"Colored"was the typical way of referring to Americans of African descent．Twenty years later，it was purposefully dropped to make way for"Negro．"By the late 1960s，that term was overtaken by"Black．"And then，at a press conference in Chicago in 1988，Jesse Jackson declared that"African American"was the term to embrace．This one was chosen because it echoed the labels of groups，such as"Italian Americans"and"Irish Americans，"that had already been freed of widespread discrimination．
A century's worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise．A 2001study cataloged all the ways in which the term"Black"carried connotations （涵義） that were more negative than those of"African American．"
But if it was known that"Black"people were viewed differently from"African Americans，"researchers，until now，hadn't identified what that gap in perception was derived from．A recent study，conducted by Emory University's Erika Hall，found that"Black"people are viewed more negatively than"African Americans"because of a perceived difference in socioeconomic status．As a result，"Black"people are thought of as less competent and as having colder personalities．
The study's most striking findings shed light on the racial biases permeating the professional world．Even seemingly harmless details on a resume，it appears，can tap into recruiters'biases．A job application might mention affiliations with groups such as the"Wisconsin Association of African-American Lawyers"or the"National Black Employees Association，"the names of which apparently have consequences，and are also beyond their members'control．
In one of the study's experiments，subjects were given a brief description of a man from Chicago with the last name Williams．To one group，he was identified as"African-American，"and another was told he was"Black．"With little else to go on，they were asked to estimate Mr．William's salary，professional standing，and educational background．
The"African-American"group estimated that he earned about﹩37000 a year and had at wo-year college degree．The"Black"group，ontheotherhand，puthissalaryatabout﹩29 000，and guessed that he had only"some"college experience．Nearly three-quarters of the first group guessed that Mr．Williams worked at a managerial level，while only 38.5 percent of the second group thought so．
Hall's findings suggest there's an argument to be made for electing to use"African American，"though one can't help but get the sense that it's a decision that papers over the urgency of continued progress．Perhaps a new phrase is needed，one that can bring everyone one big step closer to realizing Du Bois's original，idealistic hope："It's not the name-it's the Thing that counts．"
94．Why did Jesse Jackson embrace the term"African American"for people of African descent？A
A．It is free from racial biases．
B．It represents social progress．
C．It is in the interest of common Americans．
D．It follows the standard naming practice．
95．What does the author say about the naming of an ethnic group？D
A．It advances with the times．
B．It is based on racial roots．
C．It merits intensive study．
D．It is politically sensitive．
96．What do Erika Hall's findings indicate？A
A．Racial biases are widespread in the professional world．
B．Many applicants don't attend to details on their resumes．
C．Job seekers should all be careful about their affiliations．
D．Most recruiters are unable to control their racial biases．
97．What does Erika Hall find in her experiment about a man with the last name Williams？C
A．African Americans fare better than many other ethnic groups．
B．Black people's socioeconomic status in America remains low．
C．People's conception of a person has much to do with the way he or she is labeled．
D．One's professional standing and income are related to their educational background．
98．What is Dr．Du Bois's ideal？B
A．All Americans enjoy equal rights．
B．A person is judged by their worth．
C．A new term is created to address African Americans．
D．All ethnic groups share the nation's continued progress．
分析 本文是關(guān)于種族歧視的議論文，文章探討了非洲血統(tǒng)的美國人被稱為"黑人"和"非裔美國人"時(shí)人們的不同態(tài)度．
解答 94．A 細(xì)節(jié)題．根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，This one was chosen because it echoed the labels of groups，such as"Italian Americans"and"Irish Americans，"that had already been freed of widespread discrimination．之所以這么稱呼是因?yàn)樗貞?yīng)著一群人說被貼上的標(biāo)簽，比如"Italian Americans"and"Irish Americans，這些都是早已脫離了種族歧視的群體，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，故選A
95．D 細(xì)節(jié)題．根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，A century's worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise．A 2001study cataloged all the ways in which the term"Black"carried connotations （涵義） that were more negative than those of"African American．"一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，一個(gè)人種的名字的變化所蘊(yùn)含的涵義更多的事負(fù)面的、不好的．結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，故選D
96．A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章第四段第一句：The study's most striking findings shed light on the racial discriminations permeating the professional world．可知研究最引人注目的發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了種族歧視滲透職業(yè)界．結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，故選A．
97．C 推理判斷題．根據(jù)文章第四段：The study's most striking findings shed light on the racial discriminations permeating the professional world．Even seemingly harmless details on a CV，it appears，can tap into recruiters'discriminations．A job application might mention affiliations（關(guān)系） with groups such as the"Wisconsin Association of African-American Lawyers"or the"National Black Employees Association，"the names of which apparently have consequences，and are also beyond their members'control．研究最引人注目的發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了種族歧視滲透 職業(yè)界．即使在簡(jiǎn)歷，看似無害的細(xì)節(jié)似乎可以挖掘到招聘人員歧視．求職可能會(huì)提到與族群的關(guān)系如"威斯康星裔美國律師協(xié)會(huì)"或"全國黑人雇員協(xié)會(huì)"的名稱顯然有后果，也超出了他們的成員的控制．下一段舉例受試者被簡(jiǎn)要地描述 了一個(gè)來自芝加哥的人，姓威廉姆斯的例子說明一個(gè)人的概念與這個(gè)人被貼上標(biāo)簽的方式有關(guān)系．故選C項(xiàng)．
98．B 句意理解題．根據(jù)文章最后一段：Hall's findings suggest there's an argument to be made for electing to use"African American，"though one can't help but get the sense that it's a decision that papers over the urgency of continued progress．Perhaps a new phrase is needed，one that can bring everyone one big step closer to realizing Du Bois'original，idealistic hope："It's not the name-it's the Thing that counts．"也許一個(gè)新的階段是必要的，一個(gè)能讓大家更靠近實(shí)現(xiàn)杜波依斯原創(chuàng)的，理想主義的希望：后面：不是名字重要，而是事情（價(jià)值）重要．"，他希望判斷一個(gè)人不是根據(jù)名稱而是根據(jù)這個(gè)人創(chuàng)造的價(jià)值來判斷．故選B項(xiàng)．
點(diǎn)評(píng) 本文是一個(gè)科教類閱讀，題目涉及多道細(xì)節(jié)理解題，做題時(shí)結(jié)合原文和題目有針對(duì)性的找出相關(guān)語句進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)選出正確答案．推理判斷題也是要在抓住關(guān)鍵句子的基礎(chǔ)上合理的分析才能得出正確答案，切忌胡亂猜測(cè)，一定要做到有理有據(jù)．
