There are only about 1,000 Hawaiian monk seals(夏威夷僧海豹) left and its population is going down 4% a year. Hawaiian monk seals are found in the northwest part of the Hawaiian Islands. They spend a lot of time at sea. They are able to dive 600 feet deep, and can stay under water for up to 20 minutes. Adults grow up to seven feet long, and weigh between 400 and 600 pounds. They can live as long as 30 years.
These seals are born on land. Every year, usually in May or June, females find sandy beaches and give birth to a single baby. The female seals avoid beaches where the water becomes deep very quickly because this lets sharks swim close to land and catch the seals.
Mothers stay with their babies for six weeks. During that entire time, they do not leave the beach even to eat. Instead, they live off fat that they have stored up over the previous year and feed their babies with fat-rich milk. After six weeks, mothers go back to the sea. The young have to live on their own.
Human disturbance(打擾) has been regarded as the important factor in the decrease of the monk seals. In fact, if human come too near a mother seal too often, she will go out to the sea. Unfortunately, this usually means death for the baby. It is now against the law for people to come within 100 yards of a seal on a beach.
Recent research has shown that the decrease in the Hawaiian monk seal population is due to lack of survival of these seals at one of the most important breeding(繁殖) beaches at French Frigate Shoals. Also, seals often get trapped in fishermen and by changes in weather patterns. If these threats(威脅) were not enough, during the breeding season, males will attack females until they are badly injured or finally killed.
小題1:What can we learn about Hawaiian monk seals?
A．They are in danger of dying out.
B．They spend most of the time on the beach.
C．They are the largest animals on the Hawaiian Islands.
D．They can stay under water as long as they like.
小題2:According to the text, a seal baby______.
A．is born at sea
B．is fed on fat by the mother
C．stays with its parents all life
D．is looked after by its mother for 6 weeks
小題3:It can be inferred from the text that______.
A．sharks are a threat to Hawaiian monk seals
B．male monk seals fight each other for females in the breeding season
C．when disturbed by people, the mother seal will protect the baby seal
D．Hawaiian monk seals give birth usually in July
小題4:What are the last two paragraphs mainly about?
A．Ways to protect Hawaiian monk seals。
B．The struggle of Hawaiian monk seals to survive.
C．The reasons for the decline(減少) of Hawaiian monk seals.
D．The influence of climate change on Hawaiian monk seals.

小題1:A
小題2:D
小題3:A
小題4:C

試題分析：本文主要講述的是夏威夷僧海豹現(xiàn)在所遇見(jiàn)的滅絕的危險(xiǎn)，講述了這種海豹的生活習(xí)性，并分析了即將滅絕的具體的原因。
小題1:A 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第一句There are only about 1,000 Hawaiian monk seals(夏威夷僧海豹) left and its population is going down 4% a year.可知現(xiàn)在這種動(dòng)物數(shù)量稀少，而且還在不斷減少。處于滅絕的危險(xiǎn)之中，故A正確。
小題2:D 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第三段Mothers stay with their babies for six weeks. During that entire time, they do not leave the beach even to eat. Instead, they live off fat that they have stored up over the previous year and feed their babies with fat-rich milk. After six weeks, mothers go back to the sea. The young have to live on their own.可知母海豹照顧孩子6個(gè)星期。故D正確。
小題3:.A 推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句The female seals avoid beaches where the water becomes deep very quickly because this lets sharks swim close to land and catch the seals.可知鯊魚(yú)對(duì)海豹來(lái)說(shuō)也是一個(gè)巨大的威脅。故A正確。
小題4:C 段落大意題。根據(jù)文章最后2段Human disturbance(打擾) has been regarded as the important factor in the decrease of the monk seals.和Recent research has shown that the decrease in the Hawaiian monk seal population is due to lack of survival of these seals at one of the most important breeding(繁殖) beaches at French Frigate Shoals. 可知這兩段都是分析出現(xiàn)這種情況的原因。故C正確。
點(diǎn)評(píng)：本文主要講述的是夏威夷僧海豹現(xiàn)在所遇見(jiàn)的滅絕的危險(xiǎn)，講述了這種海豹的生活習(xí)性，并分析了即將滅絕的具體的原因。考察推理題較多，推理判斷題不僅要求考生讀懂文章中的每個(gè)句子的意思還要推理它們之間的關(guān)系，結(jié)合自己的生活常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，再通過(guò)邏輯推理和判斷，理解文章的言外之意，從而揭示文章的深層涵義。任何一篇文章都有其特定的寫(xiě)作目的，讀者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道如何去做或按照某種方式傳遞思考問(wèn)題。推理判斷題的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理時(shí)我們務(wù)必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù)，即：已知部分－推論的前提，從中推測(cè)出未知部分－推理的結(jié)論，切忌妄加評(píng)論，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成作者的觀點(diǎn)。
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The oldest and most common source(來(lái)源) of renewaBle energy known to man, Biomass is one of the most important forms energy production in the United States and elsewhere. Since such a wide variety of Biomass materials is everywhere ---- from trees and grasses to agricultural and city ---- life wastes ----Biomass promises to play a continuing role in providing power and heat for millions of people around the world.
According to the Union of Concerned Scientists(UCS), Biomass is a kind of renewaBle energy source that produces no carBon dioxide(二氧化碳), Because the energy it contains comes from the sun. When plant matter is Burned, it gives off the sun’s energy. In this way, Biomass serves as a sort of natural Battery(電池) for storing the sun’s energy. As long as Biomass is produced continuously ----with only as much grown as is used--- the “Battery” lasts forever.
According to the Energy Information Administration, Biomass has Been one of the leading renewaBle energy sources in the United States for several years running through 2007, making up Between 0.5 and 0.9 percent of the nation’s total electricity supply. In 2008----although the numBers aren’t all in yet----wind power proBaBly took over first place Because of the rapid development of wind farms across the country.
Producing power from Biomass helps reduce some 11 million tons of carBon dioxide each year. Some homeowners also try to make their own heat By using Biomass materials. Such practice may save homeowner’s money, But it also produces a lot of pollution. So, the Best way is to encourage power plants to use it.
小題1:Why is Biomass considered as “ a sort of natural Battery”?
A．It Burns merely plant matter.B．It keeps producing electricity.
C．It stores the energy from the sun.D．It produces zero carBon dioxide.
小題2:We learn from the text that in 2008 ______.
A．Wind power would Be the leader of renewaBle energy.
B．there was a rapid growth of electricity production
C．Biomass might Become the main energy source
D．0.5~0.9 of power supply came from Biomass
小題3:Why does the author encourage power plants to use Biomass?
A．To prevent the waste of energy.B．To increase production safety.
C．To reduce pollution.D．To save money.
小題4:Where does the text proBaBly come from?
A．A research plan.B．A science magazine
C．A Book review.D．A Business report.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Mandara seemed to know something big was about to happen. So she let out a yell, caught hold of her 2-year-old daughter Kibibi and climbed up into a tree. She lives at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.
And on Tuesday, August 23rd, witnesses say she seemed to sense the big earthquake that shook much of the East Coast before any humans knew what was going on. And she’s not the only one. In the moments before the quake, an orangutan (猩猩) let out a loud call and then climbed to the top of her shelter.
“It’s very different from their normal call,” said Brandie Smith, the zookeeper. “The lemurs (monkey-like animals of Madagascar) will sound an alarm call if they see or hear something highly unusual.”
But you can’t see or hear an earthquake 15 minutes before it happens, can you? Maybe you can — if you’re an animal. “Animals can hear above and below our range of hearing,” said Brandie Smith. “That’s part of their special abilities. They’re more sensitive to the environment, which is how they survive.”
Primates weren’t the only animals that seemed to sense the quake before it happened. One of the elephants made a warning sound. And a huge lizard (蜥蜴) ran quickly for cover. The flamingoes (a kind of bird) gathered before the quake and stayed together until the shaking stopped.
So what kind of vibrations were the animals picking up in the moments before the quake? Scientist Susan Hough says earthquakes produce two types of waves — a weak “P” wave and then a much stronger “S” wave. The “P” stands for “primary”. And the “S” stands for “secondary”. She said she thinks the “P” wave might be what set the animals off.
Not all the animals behaved unusually before the quake. For example, Smith says the zoo’s giant pandas didn’t jump up until the shaking actually began. But many of the other animals seemed to know something was coming before it happened. “I’m not surprised at all,” Smith said.
小題1:Why did Mandara act strangely one day?
A．Because it sensed something unusual would happen.
B．Because its daughter Kibibi was injured.
C．Because it heard an orangutan let out a loud call.
D．Because an earthquake had happened.
小題2:According to Brandie Smith, _____.
A．many animals’ hearing is sharp
B．earthquakes produce two types of waves
C．primates usually gather together before a quake
D．humans can also develop the ability to sense a quake
小題3:Which word in the passage has a close meaning to the underlined word “cover”?
A．vibrationB．shelterC．quakeD．range
小題4:Which animal seems unable to sense a quake?
A．A giant panda.B．A flamingo. C．A lemur.D．A lizard.
小題5:What is the best title for the passage?
A．How animals survive a quake. B．How animals differ from humans.
C．How animals behave before a quake.D．How animals protect their young in a quake.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

FRIDAY, Aug. 3 (Health Day News) -- Middle school students who are physically fit are likely to score higher on standardized tests measuring reading and math abilities, a new study has found. And, the average scores went up in connection with levels of fitness, the findings showed.
“The more physically fit kids were, the higher their scores,” said the study’s lead author, Trent Petrie, director of the Center for Sport Psychology at the University of North Texas in Denton. “Parents should encourage their kids to be physically active. There are some real cognitive (認(rèn)知的) and academic benefits that come from physical fitness”, Petrie said.
Results of the study are scheduled to be presented Friday at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in Orlando, Fla. The study included more than 1,200 middle school students from five schools in a suburban area of Texas, with 561 boys and 650 girls. About 57 percent of the children were white, and nearly one-quarter were Mexican American. Nine percent were black and about 2 percent were of Asian descent.
The school district provided the researchers with information on the children’s race, age, grade level and whether they qualified for the free school lunch program, which was an indicator of the family’s socioeconomic status. The schools also provided scores to the tests, which were given between one and four months after the researchers had assessed the children’s levels of fitness. Fitness tests were administered during physical education classes to determine the youngsters’ heart and lung health (cardiorespiratory fitness), as well as their body mass index (BMI), an indicator of how much body fat a person has. The children also filled out questionnaires that helped the researchers determine factors such as self-esteem and social support.
After accounting for factors such as age, sex, family income and self-esteem, the researchers found that for both boys and girls, higher levels of heart and lung health predicted better scores on both the math and reading tests.
For boys, perceived (感觀的) social support also seemed to increase their reading scores, the investigators found. In girls, while being physically fit predicted higher reading scores, so too did a higher BMI-- which indicates more body fat. “We were a little surprised by this finding,” Petrie said.
“It was not as strong an association as the one with physical fitness,” he added. The authors suspect it may have something to do with girls this age entering adolescence, which may be related to a higher BMI and slightly higher brain development. He said he plans to make great effort to look for this relationship again in larger studies to see if it was a chance finding, or if the association holds up.
“While we can’t say 100 percent that physical fitness causes better academic performance, we can say that there is a strong and predictive relationship between physical fitness and academic performance,” Petrie said.
“It’s hard to tease apart (梳理) the exact reason for this association,” said Becky Hashim, an attending clinical psychologist and assistant professor in the departments of psychiatry and pediatrics at the Children’s Hospital of Montefiore, in New York City.
“It may be that the children are getting more oxygen. When the heart and lungs are working at a higher capacity, it may allow the brain to work at peak performance. Children who are less fit may be sleepier during school,” she noted. “I personally feel that there’s probably a strong relationship between the confidence you get from being able to do something physical well and academic performance.”
Whatever the reason behind this association may be, “there’s certainly no harm in pushing physical fitness,” Hashim added. “Physical fitness may make you feel better, give you more confidence and improve your performance across the board,” she said.
Petrie agreed. “Physically fit kids are happier, have higher self-esteem and, tend to have better relationships, and now we’re beginning to see that there also seem to be benefits cognitively and academically. Our study sends a strong warning to policymakers to reconsider the service program of physical education classes for kids,” he said.
小題1:How did the school district help the researchers carry out the study?
A．By analyzing the data of fitness tests.
B．By giving some basic information.
C．By completing some questionnaires.
D．By offering a certain amount of Money.
小題2:According to the passage, the result of the study will be published ______.
A．in a bookB．in a journalC．a(chǎn)t a conferenceD．on the Internet
小題3:What’s the suitable title of the passage?
A．Parents should be aware of the benefit of fitness.
B．Fitter kids are likely to make better grades.
C．Fitness affects kids’ social behavior greatly.
D．Teachers should value physical education classes.
小題4:What’s Becky Hashim’s attitude towards the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance?
A．SupportiveB．IndifferentC．CriticalD．Doubtful
小題5:What does the underlined word “one” in Paragraph refer to?
A．The BMI.B．The body fat.C．The brain development.D．The test score.
小題6:From the last paragraph we can infer that physically fit kids ______.
A．deserve to be treated wellB．live much longer than others
C．get along well with othersD．enjoy a peaceful life

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Most recently, it’s very common in students who need a parent present for job interviews.
Naturally, it’s easy to blame the students in these situations, but the bigger problem is us. We—as parents—are so eager to protect our kids that we fail to realize that this in itself is harming them. As the mother of two young sons, I have to remind myself all the time that the biggest responsibility I have as a parent is to help them develop the skills needed to live in, to live without me. So, I’ll let them fail.
I’ll let them fail because as long as they are safe and warm inside their comfort zones, they will never grow. And failure—along with loss, heartbreak, disappointment, etc.—will be part of growth for them. Call me the anti-tiger mom, but leaving them alone is my way of helping them become equipped to fit in this world as we know it today. From terrorism (恐怖主義) and seemingly endless natural disasters, to our national debt and beyond, if we expect the next generation to stand up to the very real problems of our time, we need to stop feeding them and start teaching them how to fish.
My children are faced with hard situations in their own life almost each day, but they try to negotiate (協(xié)商) everything now. It’s a small price to help them learn a skill they’ll use for the rest of their lives, including when I don’t come with them on job interviews. 
小題1:Why do parents go along with their kids on job interviews?
A．Because they want to protect their kids from difficulties.
B．Because they think they can protect them from being hurt.
C．Because their kids are too shy to attend interviews.
D．Because their kids strongly request them to do so.
小題2:According to the author, what is helpful to kids’ development?
A．Protecting them.B．Keeping them safe.
C．Leaving them alone.D．Blaming them.
小題3:The author believes experiencing failure in life can make kids ___________.
A．become healthier than other kids
B．grow in this challenging world
C．develop all social skills
D．escape from natural disasters
小題4:If the writer’s boy goes to a job interview, she probably will ___________.
A．go with him to protect her kid from difficulty
B．stay home but give him directions over telephone
C．wait outside and talk with other parents
D．let him go to the interview by himself
小題5:Which of the following might be the best title of the text?
A．Never help your kidsB．Let your kids fail
C．Go to the interview with your kidsD．Live without parents

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Due to the increasing number of violence acts produced in schools all over the world, more and more parents prefer to have their children educated at home rather than at school． This way they can ensure their safety and well-being, although teachers and school representatives are trying to improve the situation in schools by increasing the number of the persons in charge of the safety of the students．
The main reason for violence acts are the films and cartoons that fill the children’s time． They want to do everything they watch on TV and never think of the consequences, and they may hurt a classmate or a teacher．
On the other hand, parents are not fully satisfied with the children’s results obtained in classes and they consider private classes would have better results. When a teacher has to watch 30 students in class he can’t probably see what each of them is doing, how he is writing, or if he understands the explanations． At home the teacher can explain in details everything the child doesn’t understand as many times as he considers proper. And many times the child grows fond of the teacher at home, who becomes his best friend, and who helps him whenever he needs someone to talk to.
However, the best solution would be a mixture between the education received at school and that at home, because school makes children communicate and socialize． Keeping a child at home for fear there might happen something bad to him only makes the child’s character weak and prevents him from knowing what real life is． Staying in a crystal ball only does harm to the child．
All in all, schools have been created to help children, not to harm them, so it’s best to keep children in these special places, where they learn, laugh, have fun and make new friends
小題1:The writer’s purpose in writing the text is to ________
A．teach parents the ways to keep their children safe
B．show solutions to developing children’s character
C．a(chǎn)nalyze an education problem and give opinions
D．explain the main reason for violence acts in schools
小題2:Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Classes
B．Who is to Blame, Parents or Schools?
C．Which Is Better, School Study or Home Study?
D．The Relationship between Teachers and Children
小題3:What does “a crystal ball” in the passage refer to?
A．A toy that can be used for entertainment
B．A safe and comfortable environment
C．A round object that is made of crystal
D．An obstacle that is hard to overcome
小題4:We can infer from the passage that ________.
A．violence TV programs have bad effects on children’s behavior
B．the teacher at home is more patient than the teacher at school
C．children today are weak from lack of sense of right and wrong
D．there are too many students in class for a teacher to teach

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Squirrels often communicate with whistles, chirps and chucks, which sound like the word “chuck”． Whistles and chirps are like the sounds that many birds make．Now scientists have translated some of their squirrel-speak．
Hare, a professor of zoology at the University of Maniloha in Winnipeg, and his team managed to record squirrels' alarm calls．The researchers studied the sounds and then played them back to 60 wild squirrels, which the scientists approached individually with a video recorder to capture(抓拍）their reponses．Some squirrels lifted their heads up and became．Alert(警惕的）．Creatures that were more frightened simply ran for their lives and dived into caves．
"In effect then, whistles that mix with chucks say 'there's an enemy of average threat that's here', and whistles without chucks say 'there's an enemy of seemingly average threat around here somewhere', while pure chirps say, 'I'm hiding here because there's an immediate danger．' " Hare told．Discovery News．
Hare and some other researchers believe such sounds arc part of an advanced language that develops just as all other communication systems．
Although squirrels risk their lives when they call out to warn others of threats, other squirrels might admire this behaviour, thus increasingly the caller’s social status, like humans who look up to heroes. Hare added that other animals, such as birds, probably understand at least some squirrel language, since they also may benefit from the alarm calls.
In fact, another Canadian study found that deep-voiced, black-capped chickadees have their own language too．According to certain research, there are a lot of tidings in chickadees' calls, such as directing fellows' activities, keeping in contact between mates, and raising alarms．
While chickadees and other birds are often welcomed into gardens by homeowners, squirrels are frequently viewed as pests(害獸）. Hare wishes a greater understanding of the complex social lives and communication systems of squirrels will provide “hope that humans will gain a greater appreciation and stop doing harm to these animals”.
小題1:The text mainly talks about
A．the study on the language of squirrels
B．the comparison between squirrels and chickadees
C．the calling for the protection of squirrels
D．the ways for squirrels to escape from their enemies
小題2:If a squirrel is in a very dangerous situation, it would probably make ____．
A．whistles with chucksB．pure chirps
C．whistles without chucksD．repeated chucks
小題3:The underlined word “tidings” in pardgmph 6 probably means ____．
A．difficultiesB．poisesC．messagesD．languages
小題4:What can be learned from this text?
A．Squirrels communicate with cach other as humans do.
B．Some squirrels understand the recorded alarm calls.
C．Other animals also well understand the language of squirrels．
D．Birds such as chickadees don’t have their own language．

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Believe it or not, oceans and seas are easy to be harmed by the development of human society. They are also influenced by man-made pollution easily. It is human beings that do great harm to the ocean ecosystems(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)).
The coral reefs(珊瑚礁)are fine ecosystems that provide food and protection for many ocean creatures. The coral in almost all of the oceans is in danger from pollution.Chemicals from factories end up in the seas and oceans and destroy coral reefs. If the coral systems die some ocean creatures will be sure to die out.
Protecting the ocean also has something to do with the protection of ocean wildlife like dolphins. The fishing industry depends on modern ways to catch many fish in order to earn more money. But the nets for fishing also seize other sea animals. The fishing boat workers are advised to check their nets and set other ocean animals free. But the boats are in a hurry to make money and often other ocean animals are caught with fish.
Offshore oil spills(近海石油泄露) can destroy the ocean environment because oil kills all ocean life. The world depends on oil and because there is a great amount of oil off the shore of many countries, the need for oil is more important than the risk of the oil spill. However, the fact is that one human mistake can lead to an ocean environmental accident that will cause years of damage to the fine ocean ecosystems. Oil spills will kill all the creatures in the area of the spill. The oil will be washed up on shore and destroy the ecosystems along the shore including birds.
Everyone who cares about the environment should be interested in protecting the ocean, and all of us should do something for the protection of the ocean.
小題1:According to the passage, the ocean is harmed easily as a result of      .
A．the overuse of the oceans
B．the change of natural conditions
C．the increase of population by the sea
D．the increasing activities of humans
小題2:What does the second paragraph mainly tell readers?
A．How ocean creatures depend on coral reefs.
B．Coral reefs are home to ocean animals.
C．The great harm caused by factory pollution.
D．The importance of protecting coral systems.
小題3:The underlined work “seize” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced with“      ”.
A．catchB．a(chǎn)ttractC．placeD．cover
小題4:Why do people continue to get oil in the sea at the risk of oil spills?
A．Because they believe the oil spill can be stopped.
B．Because there is a large amount of oil in the sea.
C．Because they are in great need of oil.
D．Because getting oil in sea is easier than on land.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Would you want a doctor who got high marks in medical school just for trying hard? Apparently many college students would have no problem with that. They believe students are owed a good grade simply because they put a lot of effort into a class.
The researchers asked more than 800 undergraduates if they agreed or disagreed with some statements. For example: "If I have completed most of the reading for a class, I deserve a B in that course." And: "A professor should not be annoyed with me if I receive an important call during class."
Just 16 percent thought it was OK to take that phone call. But 66 percent agreed that a professor should consider effort and not just the quality of a student's work when deciding grades. And 40 percent thought they should get a B, the second highest mark, just because they did most of the reading for class.
Some experts are not surprised that students often see no difference between effort and results. Social critics like to say that in children's activities these days everyone gets an award just for trying, so no one will feel rejected.
Yet competition to get into the best colleges is fiercer than ever. Students may worry that low grades will keep them out of graduate school or a good job.
And there may be another explanation: pressure from parents to get a good return on the family's investment. These days, college can cost more than a house.
A former teaching assistant recently wrote to the New York Times about his experience with grade expectations. He would try to explain it this way when students asked for a top grade just for studying hard in chemistry class:
What if a baseball player came to spring training and worked harder than all the others, but still could not play well? Would the team accept him anyway, just because he tried so hard?
The students would say no. But most of them would still ask for an A.
小題1:What does the passage mainly discuss?
A．How students can get a good grade in the course.
B．Whether students are allowed to answer calls in class.
C．Whether students deserve high marks just for trying hard.
D．Why students put a lot of efforts in their studies.
小題2:According to the research, most of the students _______.
A. thought it was all right to answer the call during class.
B. objected to deciding grades only by the quality of a student’s work.
C. thought they did most of the work for class and should get a B.
D. agreed that they should be given top grades because of their hard work.
小題3: Which of the following opinions do social critics agree to about children’s activities?
A．Those who are active in the activities can get an award.
B．Only by playing an important role in the activities can you get an award.
C．An award is prepared for anyone who performs best in the activities.
D．Whoever takes part in the activities can get an award.
小題4:From the sixth paragraph we can learn that _____.
A．it costs much more to build a college than to buy a house.
B．the costs of studying at college are much more than staying at home.
C．the costs of sending a child to college are much more than buying a house.
D．it is difficult for parents to send a child to college.
小題5:What does the former assistant want to tell students with the example of the baseball player?
A．Effort can lead to good results.B．Effort is very necessary.
C．Effort and results are quite different.D．No good results, effort is unnecessary.

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