2、-ing形式與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別:
(1)語(yǔ)態(tài)不同:-ing形式表示主動(dòng)概念,及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說(shuō);the inspired audience受鼓舞的聽(tīng)眾。
(2)時(shí)間關(guān)系不同:現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一般是正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作,而過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作,往往是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,如:The changing world正在發(fā)生的世界;the changed world已經(jīng)起了變化的世界。
練習(xí)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(三)
1、過(guò)去分詞的基本用法:過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式,也沒(méi)有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),它所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)被動(dòng)的或是已完成的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去分詞在句中也可用作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等成分。過(guò)去分詞在句中作某種成分時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,如:
(1)作定語(yǔ):過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),如果這個(gè)分詞是一個(gè)單詞,就位于其修飾的名詞之前,如果是分詞短語(yǔ),就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過(guò)去分詞所修飾的名詞,就是該分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ),如:The stolen car was found by the police last week.
(2)作表語(yǔ):過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài),其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句中的主語(yǔ),如:The glass is broken.這個(gè)玻璃杯是破的。 注:過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),和動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似,但兩者表達(dá)的意義不同,如:The glass was broken by my little brother.這個(gè)玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表語(yǔ)用的過(guò)去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞,如:crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
(3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),句中的賓語(yǔ)就是其邏輯主語(yǔ),如:When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注:動(dòng)詞have后的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)如為過(guò)去分詞,常表示該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作是由別人來(lái)執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語(yǔ)自己來(lái)執(zhí)行的,如:I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我(找別人)把我的自行車(chē)給修了。
(4)作狀語(yǔ):過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般都是主句的主語(yǔ),是過(guò)去分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。為了使作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞意義更加明確,常在分詞前加when, if, while, though, as等連詞,如:Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.(we是該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ),是give的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。)
獨(dú)立主格:上述-ing和過(guò)去分詞的用法中,-ing和過(guò)去分詞在句中均有邏輯主語(yǔ),但有時(shí)它們也能有自己的獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ),這種獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ),一般為名詞或代詞,位于其前之前,和-ing或過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格。獨(dú)立主格在句中一般只作狀語(yǔ)用,而-ing和過(guò)去分詞作用的形式,則要根據(jù)它們所表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系而定。至于獨(dú)立主格中是使用-ing或是過(guò)去分詞,則要根據(jù)它們的主語(yǔ)和其所表示的動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)關(guān)系而定,如:The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注:The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ①獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been?墒∪,如:The meeting (being) over, all left the room. ②作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常可用with短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替,如:She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
40. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature ______.
A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken
語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)十二:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(三)--過(guò)去分詞
(三)過(guò)去分詞:
39. The girl couldn't_____ how red his face was.
A. help to notice B. be helping to notice C. be helping noticing D. help noticing
38. Your mother and I are looking forward________ you.
A. of seeing B. for seeing C. to see D. to seeing
37. I'd ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
A. rather not have B. rather not to have C. not rather had D. rather not having
36. Would you please ______ write on the textbooks?
A. don't B. not to C. not D. to not
35. Tommy had his big brother _____ his shoes for him.
A. to tie B. tie C. tied D. tying
34. Does your new secretary ____ short hand?
A. know to take B. know how to take C. know how take D. know how taking
33. Your flat needs _____ . Would you like me it for you?
A. to clean, to do B. cleaning, doing C. cleaning, to do D. to be cleaned, doing
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