題目列表(包括答案和解析)
閱讀下面短文,從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
Language is the most astonishing behavior in the animal kingdom. It is the species-typical behavior that sets humans completely 36 from all other animals. Language is a means of 37 , but it is much more than that. Many animals can 38 . The dance of the honeybee communicates the location of flowers 39 other members of the hive (蜂群). But human language permits communication about anything, 40 things like unicorns (獨(dú)角獸) that have never existed. The key 41 in the fact that different words can be 42 together in different ways, according to 43 to communicate different meanings.
Language is the most important learning we do. Nothing can 44 humans so much as our ability to communicate abstract 45 , whether about the university, the mind, love, dreams, or ordering a drink. It is an extremely complex 46 that we take for granted. Indeed, we are not aware of most 47 of our speech and understanding. Consider what happens when one person is speaking to 48 . The speaker has to translate thoughts into 49 language. Brain imaging studies suggest that the time from thoughts to the 50 of speech is extremely fast. Only 0.04 seconds! The listener must hear the sounds to 51 what the speaker means. He must use the sounds of speech to 52 the spoken words, understand the pattern of 53 of the words (sentences), and finally 54 the meaning. This takes somewhat longer, a minimum of about 0.5 seconds. But once started, it is of course a(n) 55 process.
1.A. apart B. off C. up D. down
2.A. advertisement B. communication C. discovery D. invention
3.A. transfer B. move C. convey D. communicate
4.A. to B. from C. over D. on
5.A. only B. almost C. even D. just
6.A. stays B. situates C. hides D. lies
7.A. stuck B. joined C. rung D. controlled
8.A. rules B. scales C. laws D. standards
9.A. combine B. contain C. define D. declare
10.A. activities B. thoughts C. effects D. chances
11.A. expectation B. progress C. process D. produce
12.A. aspects B. abstracts C. angles D. assumptions
13.A. anybody B. another C. other D. everybody
14.A. body B. gesture C. written D. spoken
15.A. growing B. fixing C. beginning D. building
16.A. put out B. take down C. draw up D. figure out
17.A. identify B. locate C. reveal D. discover
18.A. performance B. organization C. design D. show
19.A. regulate B. justify C. release D. interpret
20.A. slow B. interesting C. continuous D. serious
請(qǐng)閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,然后從36~55各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將選項(xiàng)的標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。
After winning a big game,athletes are often asked how they feel.Usually athletes say how 36 it is to win this big game.On the contrary,the fact is that losing a big game,or in my case,all the games,can be even harder.
From the spectators’ point of view,last year’s basketball 37 for my high school team was nothing 38 of an embarrassment.And 39 0 and 20 is certainly nothing to be proud of,that season had a bigger impact on me than any other.As a team captain,I knew it probably wouldn’t be the 40 year,but did I ever think we would lose every game?Of course not.Since six of our top players had graduated,it was clear that we were a (n) 41 team who would struggle.The struggle began earlier than expected, 42 ,as our team center was suspended (禁賽) for the season,and two key members decided to 43 for some reason.At this point,dropping out probably passed through every player’s mind,but in the end,we all stuck it out, 44 to work still harder.
Then there came a time when even our 45 had given up on us.Personally,I felt like it was 46 worthwhile giving my all.I thought,if even the coach doesn’t believe in us,why should I?But just as my hope began to 47 ,a teammate called a meeting.He said,“Nobody thinks we are going to win,but,as teammates and friends,we 48 it to each other to go all out every game.”
It was that moment that 49 me how to be a leader.It hit me that I certainly didn’t 50 the role.As a leader you can never quit 51 the team who looks up to you.It is one 52 to be named captain,feel great and go through the motions,but it is quite another to be a real captain and make sure everyone realizes their full 53 all the time.
I am sure it is great to go through without losing and bringing home awards.But in all honesty,I 54 the fact that my team lost every game last year.It may not help me to become a better basketball player,but it already has made me a better leader,and 55 .
36.A.exciting B.pleasant C.tough D.significant
37.A.game B.event C.league D.season
38.A.short B.full C.lacking D.sufficient
39.A.a(chǎn)s B.while C.since D.now that
40.A.most interesting B.dullest C.most difficult D.easiest
41.A.unique B.a(chǎn)dventurous C.young D.untrained
42.A.meanwhile B.though C.instead D.somehow
43.A.quit B.stay C.resign D.rest
44.A.hoping B.swearing C.claiming D.wishing
45.A.fans B.classmates C.sponsor D.coach
46.A.only too B.more than C.not a little D.no longer
47.A.fade B.gain C.destroy D.grow
48.A.owe B.think C.demand D.recommend
49.A.reminded B.told C.taught D.guided
50.A.a(chǎn)ct B.deserve C.play D.take
51.A.with B.a(chǎn)longside C.on D.for
52.A.matter B.a(chǎn)spect C.issue D.thing
53.A.potential B.goal C.enthusiasm D.confidence
54.A.hate B.treasure C.a(chǎn)dmit D.recognize
55.A.character B.captain C.person D.figure
第二節(jié)完形填空(共10小題;每小題1分,滿分10分)
閱讀下列短文,掌握其大意,然后從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、c和D)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。
One winter Nasreddin had very 31 money.His crops 32 very bad that year,and he 33 live very cheaply.He gave his donkey less food,and when after two days the donkey 34 just the same,he 35 to himself,“The donkey was used to 36 a lot.Now he is quickly getting used to eating less; and soon he will get used to living 37 almost nothing.”
Each day Nasreddin gave the donkey a little 38 food, until it was hardly eating anything.
Then one day,when the donkey was going to market with a load of wood on its back, it suddenly 39 . “How unlucky I am,”said Nasreddin,“Just when my donkey had got used to eating hardly anything,it came 40 the end of its days in this world.
31.A.few B. little C. lot D. much
32.A.had been B. has been C. was being D. is being
33.A.has to B. have to C. had to D. must have to
34.A.1ooks B. is seen C. looked D. was seen
35.A.says B. say C. saying D. said
36.A.eat B. eating C. have eaten D. being eaten
37.A.on B. by C. up D. to
38.A.more B. less C. few D. small
39.A.dead B. dying C. died D. was dying
4 0.A.on B. up C. in D.to
完形填空
閱讀下面短文,從各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案。
Mary had her own special kind of joy. and she knew exactly how to spread it around. She lifted children from 1 into laughter,love,and belonging.
Each time she found a new 2 for a child,she gave the family one of her little homemade paper roses. It had become a 3 for her,and the families didn’t’ever forget it.
One evening,Mary was 4 a meeting for adoptive parents.0ne of the 5 fathers stood up to introduce himself. But before he spoke,he reached into his coat pocket and held up a 6 ,red paper rose.
“Twenty years ago today, I felt alone and 7 .I didn’t know the talents inside me or what was possible for me.
Then Mary 8 two wonderful people into my life. They taught me what it was like to feel 9 .They not only loved me 10.They opened a world of 11 that I didn’t know existed.My new parents told me,‘Reach for your dreams!’
I did, and today I’m 12 to be giving that chance to a child who 13 just like me. My mother gave me this little rose. By now,all of you 14 where she got it so long ago.
Mary sent me a new rose just yesterday. And my new rose 15 a new spring,a beautiful new 1 6 for my own little girl. It 1 7 me to show her what unconditional love is,and to teach her to reach for her own beautiful dreams.
Thank you, Mary,for the special little things like roses that 18 our lives together. And thank you for all you’ve done for me and so many families over the years!”
One brief event can send our spirits soaring or 19 us in
quiet to ponder a new beginning. 20 it is also the very small
things,like Mary’s roses,that tie together the meaningful things.
1.A.poverty B.10neliness C.misery D.suffering
2.A.home B.place C.school D.1ife
3.A.glory B.favor C.habit D.tradition
4.A. organizing B. planning C. hosting D. attending
5.A.new B.grateful C.kind D.a(chǎn)ctive
6.A.broken B.faded C.treasured D.dried
7.A.tasteless B.powerless C.priceless D.worthless
8.A.directed B.introduced C.brought D.a(chǎn)ccepted
9.A.10ved B.protected C.cared D.cheered
1 0.A. silently B. continuously
C.unintentionally D.unconditionally
1 1.A.necessities B.possibilities C. beauties D.riches
1 2.A.eager B.willing C.proud D.1ucky
13.A.started out B.came up C.turned out D.grew up
1 4.A.understand B.guess C.tell D.know
1 5.A.replaces B.symbolizes C.equals D.creates
1 6.A.chance B.mystery C.challenge D.beginning
1 7.A.reminds B.helps C.a(chǎn)ccompanies D.drives
18.A.fix B.close C.tie D.gather
19.A.cause B.push C.put D.1cave
20.A.Yet B.Besides C.Otherwise D.Therefore
請(qǐng)閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,然后從36~55各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將選項(xiàng)的標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。
After winning a big game,athletes are often asked how they feel.Usually athletes say how 36 it is to win this big game.On the contrary,the fact is that losing a big game,or in my case,all the games,can be even harder.
From the spectators’ point of view,last year’s basketball 37 for my high school team was nothing 38 of an embarrassment.And 39 0 and 20 is certainly nothing to be proud of,that season had a bigger impact on me than any other.As a team captain,I knew it probably wouldn’t be the 40 year,but did I ever think we would lose every game?Of course not.Since six of our top players had graduated,it was clear that we were a (n) 41 team who would struggle.The struggle began earlier than expected, 42 ,as our team center was suspended (禁賽) for the season,and two key members decided to 43 for some reason.At this point,dropping out probably passed through every player’s mind,but in the end,we all stuck it out, 44 to work still harder.
Then there came a time when even our 45 had given up on us.Personally,I felt like it was 46 worthwhile giving my all.I thought,if even the coach doesn’t believe in us,why should I?But just as my hope began to 47 ,a teammate called a meeting.He said,“Nobody thinks we are going to win,but,as teammates and friends,we 48 it to each other to go all out every game.”
It was that moment that 49 me how to be a leader.It hit me that I certainly didn’t 50 the role.As a leader you can never quit 51 the team who looks up to you.It is one 52 to be named captain,feel great and go through the motions,but it is quite another to be a real captain and make sure everyone realizes their full 53 all the time.
I am sure it is great to go through without losing and bringing home awards.But in all honesty,I 54 the fact that my team lost every game last year.It may not help me to become a better basketball player,but it already has made me a better leader,and 55 .
36.A.exciting B.pleasant C.tough D.significant
37.A.game B.event C.league D.season
38.A.short B.full C.lacking D.sufficient
39.A.a(chǎn)s B.while C.since D.now that
40.A.most interesting B.dullest C.most difficult D.easiest
41.A.unique B.a(chǎn)dventurous C.young D.untrained
42.A.meanwhile B.though C.instead D.somehow
43.A.quit B.stay C.resign D.rest
44.A.hoping B.swearing C.claiming D.wishing
45.A.fans B.classmates C.sponsor D.coach
46.A.only too B.more than C.not a little D.no longer
47.A.fade B.gain C.destroy D.grow
48.A.owe B.think C.demand D.recommend
49.A.reminded B.told C.taught D.guided
50.A.a(chǎn)ct B.deserve C.play D.take
51.A.with B.a(chǎn)longside C.on D.for
52.A.matter B.a(chǎn)spect C.issue D.thing
53.A.potential B.goal C.enthusiasm D.confidence
54.A.hate B.treasure C.a(chǎn)dmit D.recognize
55.A.character B.captain C.person D.figure
1.D【解析】β-珠蛋白DNA探針、RNA聚合酶結(jié)合位點(diǎn)、大腸桿菌質(zhì)粒的化學(xué)本質(zhì)都是DNA;胰島素是蛋白質(zhì);HIV的遺傳物質(zhì)是RNA;生長(zhǎng)素是吲哚乙酸;2,4-D是一種生長(zhǎng)素類似物。
2.D【解析】作物“燒心”是由于缺乏如鐵、鈣等在細(xì)胞中以穩(wěn)定化合物形式存在的礦質(zhì)元素,有別于因缺水而造成的“燒苗”。
3.B【解析】疫苗的作用是在機(jī)體不患病的情況下發(fā)生免疫反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生的抗體與抗原結(jié)合,發(fā)揮免疫效應(yīng);流感病毒的遺傳物質(zhì)是單鏈的RNA,其結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性不如天花病毒的雙鏈DNA,容易發(fā)生變異,所以流感疫苗的研究的難度較天花疫苗研究的難度大很多;正是由于流感病毒極易發(fā)生變異,所以某種特定的單克隆抗體不一定對(duì)其它的抗原起作用。
4.C【解析】生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的成分除生產(chǎn)者、消費(fèi)者和分解者外,還包括了非生物的物質(zhì)和能量;生物圈的自給自足表現(xiàn)在物質(zhì)上,能量來(lái)源于太陽(yáng)能;草原上的牛和羊同屬于第二營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí),共獲得生產(chǎn)者固定太陽(yáng)能的10%~20%。
5.B【解析】考查分泌蛋白的形成和分泌過(guò)程這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)和圖形分析能力。蛋白質(zhì)分泌以細(xì)胞膜的外排方式實(shí)現(xiàn),所經(jīng)過(guò)的膜結(jié)構(gòu)順序?yàn)椋簝?nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)→高爾基體→細(xì)胞膜,所以結(jié)果是:內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)面積減小,高爾基體膜面積不變,細(xì)胞膜面積增加。
6.B 【解析】有機(jī)分子的特點(diǎn)一般滿足C四鍵、H一鍵、N三鍵原則,三聚氰胺分子中含有3個(gè)-NH2,則其余3個(gè)C、3個(gè)N形成一個(gè)六元環(huán),故三聚氰胺的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式為。。根據(jù)三聚氰胺的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式,該物質(zhì)不是高聚物,也不是氨基酸,但分子中含有不飽和鍵,在一定條件下能發(fā)生加成反應(yīng)。六元環(huán)不變且除自身外的三聚氰胺的異構(gòu)體有3種。
7.B 【解析】選項(xiàng)A,Na2O2中含有的陽(yáng)離子為Na+,陰離子為O22?,0.1mol Na218O2中含有的陰陽(yáng)離子總數(shù)為0.3NA。選項(xiàng)B,C2H4、C3H6的化學(xué)式均為CH2,
8.A 【解析】選項(xiàng)A,ClO-具有氧化性,SO2具有還原性,SO2被氧化為SO42?,ClO-被還原為Cl?,正確。選項(xiàng)B,加入少許H+時(shí),CO32?優(yōu)先與H+結(jié)合生成HCO3?。選項(xiàng)C,離子方程式兩邊電荷不守恒。選項(xiàng)D,Mg2+能與電解產(chǎn)生的OH?結(jié)合生成難溶性Mg(OH)2沉淀:Mg2+ + 2Cl? + 2H2O=Mg(OH)2↓+ H2↑+ Cl2↑。
9. B 【解析】加入稀H2SO4出現(xiàn)白色混濁說(shuō)明一定存在Ba2+,因SO32?、CO32?能與Ba2+結(jié)合生成難溶物BaSO3、BaCO3,所以原溶液中不存在SO32?、CO32?。由于溶液呈電中性,剩下的一種HCO3?,一定存在。無(wú)法判斷是否含有K+,所以原溶液中一定含有Ba2+、HCO3?,可能含有K+。溶質(zhì)可能是Ba(HCO3)2或Ba(HCO3)2和KHCO3。
10.D 【解析】根據(jù)題設(shè)條件可推知A為NH4+,B為OH?,C為NH3,D為H2O。NH3能與H2O反應(yīng)生成NH3?H2O。NH4+為離子,不是分子,所以NH4+不是非極性分子。選項(xiàng)D,固態(tài)H2O分子間存在氫鍵,其熔沸點(diǎn)高于固態(tài)H2S,與H-O和H-S鍵強(qiáng)弱無(wú)關(guān)。NH4Cl ,NH4+水解溶液的pH<7。
11.C【解析】分析反應(yīng)①②中各元素的價(jià)態(tài)變化可知,反應(yīng)①中,SO2為還原劑,F(xiàn)e3+為氧化劑,且還原性:SO2>Fe2+,氧化性:Fe3+>SO42?。反應(yīng)②中,F(xiàn)e2+為還原劑,Cr2O72?為氧化劑,且還原性:Fe2+>Cr3+ ,氧化性:Cr2O72? > Fe3+。由此可見(jiàn)選項(xiàng)A、B錯(cuò)誤。選項(xiàng)C,由于Cr2O72?具有氧化性,Na2SO3具有還原性,故Cr2O72? 能將Na2SO3氧化成Na2SO4。選項(xiàng)D,反應(yīng)①中Fe2(SO4)3為氧化劑,反應(yīng)②中Fe2(SO4)3為氧化產(chǎn)物。
12.C【解析】選項(xiàng)A,NaHS、Na2S溶液又因?yàn)橛蠬S?、S2?的水解,使其溶液呈堿性,但S2?的水解能力大于HS?,故溶液的pH值:③>②。H2S溶液呈酸性,H2S和NaHS混合液中,由于HS?抑制的H2S的電離,故溶液的pH:④>①,4種溶液pH大小順序?yàn)椋孩?gt;②>④>①。選項(xiàng)B,由于HS?抑制H2S的電離,所以H2S溶液中的c(H2S)小于H2S和Na2S混合液中的c(H2S)。選項(xiàng)C,c(Na+)=0.1mol?L-1,根據(jù)物料守恒有:c(H2S)
+ c(HS?) + c(S2?)=0.2mol?L-1,故
13.B 【解析】設(shè)達(dá)平衡時(shí)生成SO3(g)物質(zhì)的量為2x ,則剩余SO2(g)的物質(zhì)的量為(3-2x),O2(g)(2-x),混合氣體總的物質(zhì)的量為(5-x),根據(jù)阿伏伽德羅定律有5/(5-x)=1/0.9,解得x=0.5mol,再結(jié)合熱化學(xué)方程式可知,放出的熱量為196.6kJ/2=98.3kJ。選項(xiàng)B,起始物質(zhì)的量改為 4mol SO2 、 3 mol O2 、2SO3 (g) 相當(dāng)于加入6mol SO2、4mol O2,n(SO2)/n(O2)=3/2,故與第一次平衡是等效平衡,兩次平衡中SO2的轉(zhuǎn)化率、SO3的體積分?jǐn)?shù)相等,故選項(xiàng)B正確,C錯(cuò)誤。選項(xiàng)D,題目沒(méi)有告訴達(dá)平衡時(shí)的時(shí)間,無(wú)法計(jì)算反應(yīng)速率。
14.AD【解析】由狀態(tài)方程知溫度升高而壓強(qiáng)增大體積必增大,故狀態(tài)I時(shí)氣體的密度比狀態(tài)II時(shí)氣體的密度大,A正確,平衡態(tài)II的溫度比狀態(tài)I高,故狀態(tài)I時(shí)分子的平均動(dòng)能比狀態(tài)II時(shí)分子的平均動(dòng)能小,B錯(cuò)誤,由熱力學(xué)第一定律知從狀態(tài)I到狀態(tài)II過(guò)程中溫度升高內(nèi)能變大,體積增大對(duì)外界做功,氣體要從外界吸熱,故C錯(cuò),D正確,故選AD。
15.答案:BD【解析】:在同一介質(zhì)中紅光傳播速度最大,從AB面射入到BC面射出,紅光用的時(shí)間最短,故選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò).由于玻璃對(duì)紅光折射率最小,對(duì)紫光的折射率最大,即紫光的偏折本領(lǐng)最大,所以彩色光帶右邊緣的色光為紅光,左邊緣的色光為紫光,且紫光的頻率比紅光的要高,當(dāng)紅光能讓某金屬板發(fā)生光電效應(yīng),紫光也一定能夠,故選項(xiàng)B正確.在同樣條件下做雙縫干涉實(shí)驗(yàn),波長(zhǎng)越長(zhǎng),相鄰干涉條紋間距越大,而彩色光帶左邊緣的色光是紫光,其波長(zhǎng)最短,故選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò).對(duì)玻璃而言,在七色光中,紅光的臨界角最大,當(dāng)∠MNB逐漸變小時(shí),射到AC面上的光的入射角變小,且紅光入射角小得更多,故紅光最先從從AC面透出,所以選項(xiàng)D正確.
16、答案 D 【解析】 燒斷細(xì)線后,無(wú)論是彈簧將A+B和C彈開(kāi)過(guò)程,還是A和B分離后,系統(tǒng)始終動(dòng)量守恒、機(jī)械能守恒;彈簧將A+B和C彈開(kāi)過(guò)程,A+B和C動(dòng)量大小相等,動(dòng)能跟質(zhì)量成反比,因此A+B的總動(dòng)能是E/3,其中A的動(dòng)能是E/6;當(dāng)時(shí)C的動(dòng)能是2E/3;前3個(gè)選項(xiàng)都錯(cuò),可判定D正確。證明:A和B分離時(shí),B+C的總動(dòng)能是5E/6,B、C共速時(shí)彈性勢(shì)能最大,當(dāng)時(shí)A和B+C動(dòng)量大小相等,動(dòng)能跟質(zhì)量成反比,因此B+C的動(dòng)能是E/12,該過(guò)程B+C的動(dòng)能損失就是此時(shí)的彈性勢(shì)能,因此Ep=5E/6- E/12=3E/4。
17.答案:ACD【解析】:根據(jù)波的傳播方向,可以判斷b質(zhì)點(diǎn)此時(shí)刻振動(dòng)方向沿y軸負(fù)方向,離開(kāi)平衡位置,速度正在變小,A對(duì);由圖象可知該波的波長(zhǎng)是
18.C【解析】從圖(甲)到圖(乙)的過(guò)程中,根據(jù)動(dòng)能定理有:,所以;從拋出后到落地,根據(jù)動(dòng)能定理得:,代入上式可得:。
19.答案: BC 【解析】此模型為類雙星模型,兩電荷做圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的角速度相等;兩個(gè)電荷之間的庫(kù)侖力充當(dāng)各自做圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的向心力,所以向心力大小相等,A錯(cuò),B對(duì).由知,線速度大小與質(zhì)量成反比,運(yùn)動(dòng)半徑與質(zhì)量成反比,C對(duì),D錯(cuò).
20.答案:ABD 【解析】天然放射性元素的半衰期與溫度改變無(wú)關(guān)。根據(jù)質(zhì)能方程計(jì)算可知D答案正確。
21.答案:.D 【解析】地球同步衛(wèi)星是指與地球自轉(zhuǎn)同步的人造衛(wèi)星,它的周期是24小時(shí),它的軌道平面只能在赤道,得軌道也是固定的,但并不是說(shuō)同一赤道平面內(nèi)的、或是周期與地球自轉(zhuǎn)周期相等的就都是同步衛(wèi)星,故A、C是錯(cuò)的、D是正確的;同步衛(wèi)星做圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),內(nèi)部的儀器是處于失重狀態(tài)而不是超重狀態(tài),B錯(cuò)
22.答案.(1)(g+a)× (OM-ON)=(g-a)× OP (4分)
【解析】利用紙帶分析得m1帶動(dòng)m2的加速度為a ,又由牛頓第二定律得a=解得
⑴3000;(2分)
⑵丙(1分);乙圖中電流表的示數(shù)太小,誤差太大。丙圖中R的阻值與電壓表阻值接近,誤差小。(3分)。
⑶實(shí)物圖連接如右圖所示:(4分)
⑷實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟:
①閉合K1.再閉合K2,讀得電壓表示數(shù)U1;再斷開(kāi)K2,讀得電壓表示數(shù)U2.(2分)、冢V=。(2分)
23.【解析】:(1)負(fù)電……(2分)∵mg =E×……(5分)
∴E=4(r+R)dmg/Rq…………(2分)
(2)mg+q v0B=……………(5分) ∴v0=mg/qB…………(2分)
24.【解析】:(1)ab通過(guò)最大電流時(shí),受力分析如圖甲,此時(shí)靜摩擦力最大,,方向沿斜面向下,由平衡條件得:
水平:
(3分)
豎直:(3分)
以上兩式聯(lián)立得出
(3分)
(2)通以最小電流時(shí),ab受力分析如圖乙,此時(shí)ab受靜摩擦力,方向沿斜面向上,與(1)類似,由平衡條件得:(3分)
(3)當(dāng)ab中電流最小時(shí),變阻器阻值為:(3分)
當(dāng)ab中電流最強(qiáng)時(shí),變阻器阻值為:,(2分 )
為保持ab靜止,R的調(diào)節(jié)范圍為0.91~10.(1分)
25.【解析】:(1)設(shè)A物塊碰撞B物塊前后的速度分別為v1和v2,碰撞過(guò)程中動(dòng)量守恒,
代入數(shù)據(jù)得: (4分)
(2)設(shè)A、B兩物塊碰撞前后兩物塊組成的系統(tǒng)的機(jī)械能分別為E1和E2,機(jī)械能的損失為,根據(jù)能的轉(zhuǎn)化和守恒定律:
% (4分)
(3)設(shè)物塊A的初速度為v0,輪胎與冰面的動(dòng)摩擦因數(shù)為µ,A物塊與B物塊碰撞前,根據(jù)動(dòng)能定理: (3分)
碰后兩物塊共同滑動(dòng)過(guò)程中根據(jù)動(dòng)能定理:
(3分)
由、 及(1)、(2)得: (2分)
設(shè)在冰面上A物塊距離B物塊為L(zhǎng)′時(shí),A物塊與B物塊不相撞,
則: (4分)
26.(15分)(1)(1)KNO3 (2分)CuSO4(2分)
(2) Na2CO3 (2分)
(3)Al3+ + 3OH?=Al(OH)3↓(3分) Al(OH)3 + OH?=AlO2? + 2H2O (3分)
(4) Al3+ + 3H2O Al(OH)3(膠體)+ 3H+ (3分)
【解析】根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)①可知,D中含有Cu2+;根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)②可知C中含有Al3+,E可能是KOH或NaOH,再根據(jù)③,只有B、C中含有K+,故E為NaOH。根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)③A中含有HCO3?,故A為NaHCO3,C、D中含有SO42?,故D為CuSO4,C為KAl(SO4)2。
最后可判定B為KNO3。等物質(zhì)的量的NaHCO3與NaOH反應(yīng)生成Na2CO3和H2O。 NaOH溶液加入到KAl(SO4)2溶液中,首先是Al3+與OH?反應(yīng)生成Al(OH)3,Al(OH)3沉淀又溶解在過(guò)量的NaOH溶液中:Al3+ + 3OH?=Al(OH)3↓,Al(OH)3 + OH?=AlO2? + 2H2O。KAl(SO4)2中的Al3+水解生成具有吸附作用的Al(OH)3膠體而凈水。
27.(14分)(1)Na2CO3 +HCl=NaHCO3 + NaCl (3分)
(2)Cl2 + 2OH?=Cl? + ClO? + H2O (3分)
(3)①Na2O或Na2O2 (4分,每空各2分)②Na或NaOH (4分,每空各2分)
【解析】(1)根據(jù)題設(shè)條件可知,B為鹽酸,C為CO2,D為H2O,E為NaCl。
(2)根據(jù)題設(shè)條件可知B為濃鹽酸,C為Cl2。
(3)若C為O2,D、E的焰色反應(yīng)均為黃色,D、E中含有Na+,含有Na+的能產(chǎn)生O2的固體為Na2O2,E能與鹽酸反應(yīng)生成的氣體能使澄清石灰水變混濁,該氣體為CO2,B、E可相互轉(zhuǎn)化,故可推知B溶液為NaHCO3溶液,E為Na2CO3溶液,D為NaOH溶液。Na2O2與NaHCO3溶液反應(yīng)可分解為:2Na2O2 + 2H2O=4NaOH + O2↑,NaHCO3 + NaOH=Na2CO3 + H2O。amol NaHCO3→a mol Na2CO3,只要增加a mol Na+,同時(shí)用OH? 將HCO3?轉(zhuǎn)化為CO32? ,所加物質(zhì)所產(chǎn)生的Na+和OH?的物質(zhì)的量相等,才能不產(chǎn)生雜質(zhì),故X為Na2O或Na2O2,Y為Na或NaOH。
28.(16分)(1)B(2分) 銅與HNO3反應(yīng)前,應(yīng)排凈裝置內(nèi)的空氣,防止NO與O2發(fā)生反應(yīng) (2分)
(2)將C中的溶液加適量水稀釋(2分)
(3)③④⑤⑨ (3分)
(4)第二,打開(kāi)a,通足量N2,排凈裝置中的空氣(2分)
(5)向下移動(dòng)乙管,使甲、乙兩管液面在同一水平面上(2分)
(6)(V-11.2n)/33.6n (3分)
【解析】根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康,要求得m值,需測(cè)定出Cu與HNO3反應(yīng)生成的NO2和NO的物質(zhì)的量,為此需將產(chǎn)生的氣體首先通入裝置C中,H2O吸收NO2生成NO和HNO3,用裝置E測(cè)定出NO的體積,如果裝置中有空氣,空氣中的O2會(huì)將NO氧化成NO2導(dǎo)致實(shí)驗(yàn)誤差,裝置B通入N2能將裝置中空氣趕走,防止NO被氧化,為此需要的裝置為B、C、E,裝置接口連接順序?yàn)棰邰堍茛。由于濃HNO3具有強(qiáng)氧化性,能將指示劑氧化而影響實(shí)驗(yàn),可加水稀釋降低其氧化性,而溶質(zhì)HNO3的量不變,便于觀察指示劑顏色變化。用裝置E測(cè)定NO的體積時(shí),如甲的液面高于乙的液面,測(cè)出的NO體積偏小,如甲的液面低于乙的液面,測(cè)出的NO體積偏大,故應(yīng)向下移動(dòng)乙管,使甲、乙兩管液面在同一水平面上,從而減少誤差。根據(jù)反應(yīng):3NO2 + 2H2O=2HNO3 + NO,混合氣體中含有NO21.5nmol,NO總的物質(zhì)的量為V/22.4mol,其中屬于Cu與HNO3反應(yīng)生成的NO為(V/22.4-n/2)mol,故M=(V/22.4-n/2):1.5n=(V-11.2n)/33.6n。
29.(15分)(1)取代(或水解)、中和反應(yīng) (2分) (2)HCOOCH3 (2分) HOCH2CHO (2分)
(3)(2分)
(4)+ 3NaOH+ CH3COONa + 2H2O (3分)
(5) (2分) (2分)
【解析】A的分子式為C9H8O4,A能與醇發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng),說(shuō)明A中含有-COOH,且A在NaOH溶液中發(fā)生水解生成CH3COONa,說(shuō)明A中酯的官能團(tuán),該官能團(tuán)與-COOH處于苯環(huán)上的鄰位,再結(jié)合A的分子式推知A的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式為,B為,由于H2CO3的酸性大于酚而小于羧酸,故在溶液中通入CO2時(shí),只有酚的鈉鹽反應(yīng)生成D()和NaHCO3。CH3COONa與H+反應(yīng)生成E(CH3COOH)。CH3COOH的同分異構(gòu)體中R中含有-CHO和-OH:HOCH2CHO,Q中含有-CHO而沒(méi)有-OH:HCOOCH3。對(duì)照和結(jié)構(gòu)可知,首先用與酚羥基反應(yīng),然后再用酸性KMnO4氧化-CH3為-COOH即可得到A。
30.【解析】(1)新陳代謝是生物最本質(zhì)的特征。(2)人體內(nèi)水的來(lái)源包括:飲水、食物中的水、代謝產(chǎn)生的水,人體代謝產(chǎn)生水的途徑有:核糖體上的氨基酸脫水縮合、線粒體中的有氧呼吸等。(3)異化作用類型包括需氧型、厭氧型和兼性厭氧型,根據(jù)材料提供信息,氣性壞疽的異化作用類型為厭氧型。(4)本題考查的是細(xì)胞的選擇透過(guò)性,細(xì)胞的功能特性決定于細(xì)胞膜上的載體的種類和數(shù)量
【答案】(12分,每空各2分)(1)新陳代謝現(xiàn)象 (2) 代謝產(chǎn)生水
氨基酸脫水縮合(或有氧呼吸) (3) 厭氧型
(4)選擇透過(guò)性 載體蛋白
【解析】由反應(yīng)式:CO2+C5→C3和
【答案】(10分,每空各2分)(1)低、高、約等于 (2)溫度
(3)光照強(qiáng)度、CO2濃度、溫度
31.(20分)【解析】:(1)該6個(gè)品系玉米的基因型分別為:①:AABBCCDDEE ②:aaBBCCDDEE ③:AAbbccDDEE ④:AABBCCddEE ⑤:AABBCCDDee ⑥:aabbccddee
基因分離定律適用于一對(duì)等位基因控制的相對(duì)性狀的遺傳,基因自由組合定律適用于2對(duì)(及以上)的同源染色體上的2對(duì)(及以上)等位基因控制的性狀遺傳。具有兩對(duì)相對(duì)性狀的純合親本雜交,F(xiàn)1自交。若F2中出現(xiàn)性狀分離比為:雙顯∶單顯1∶單顯2∶雙隱=9∶3∶3∶1,則控制這兩對(duì)相對(duì)性狀的基因位于2對(duì)同源染色體上,反之則位于同一染色體上
讓F1側(cè)交,若F2中出現(xiàn)性狀分離比為:雙顯∶單顯1∶單顯2∶雙隱=1∶1∶1∶1,則控制這兩對(duì)相對(duì)性狀的基因位于2對(duì)同源染色體上,反之則位于同一染色體上
【答案】(1)②與①(③或、④、⑤) (1分) 不行 (1分) 品系①和⑤只有一對(duì)相對(duì)性狀 (2分)不行 (1分) 控制花色和種皮顏色的基因位于同一對(duì)同源染色體(Ⅰ)上,而控制子葉味道的基因位置未知(2分)
(2)D(1分)
①若綠色非甜子葉∶綠色甜子葉∶黃色非甜子葉∶黃色甜子葉=9∶3∶3∶1,則控制子葉顏色和味道的基因不是位于同一染色體上。(3分)
②若綠色非甜子葉∶綠色甜子葉∶黃色非甜子葉∶黃色甜子葉≠9∶3∶3∶1(答綠色甜子葉:綠色非甜子葉:黃色非甜子葉=1:2:1也可),則控制子葉顏色和味道的基因位于同一染色體上。(3分)
(3)
①若綠色非甜子葉∶綠色甜子葉∶黃色非甜子葉∶黃色甜子葉=1∶1∶1∶1,則控制子葉顏色和味道的基因不是位于同一染色體上。(3分)
②若綠色非甜子葉∶綠色甜子葉∶黃色非甜子葉∶黃色甜子葉≠1∶1∶1∶1(答綠色甜子葉:黃色非甜子葉=1:1也可),則控制子葉顏色和味道的基因位于同一染色體上。(3分)
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