題目列表(包括答案和解析)
假設(shè)你是紅光中學(xué)的學(xué)生李明,上周在學(xué)校舉辦的英語競賽中獲得一等獎。校報請你寫一篇稿件刊登在英文版面上,介紹你課外學(xué)習(xí)英語的經(jīng)驗。請根據(jù)以下提示用英語寫一篇短文:
參加英語角的益處;2、堅持寫英語日記的作用;3、英文閱讀網(wǎng)站(EnjoyReading)對你的幫助。
注意:1. 詞數(shù):不少于100;
2. 可適當(dāng)增加細節(jié), 以使行文連貫。3. 文章開頭已給出,不計算在總詞匯中。
My name Liming , a student from HongGuang Middle School.
某英語國家向全球中學(xué)生招募一批“文化小使者”(Little Envoy)。假如你是天津紅光中學(xué)的學(xué)生李華,有意參與該活動。下面是一份申請表格,現(xiàn)請你用英文在線申請(僅需填寫“申請陳述”部分),內(nèi)容如下:
•表示有意參加
•說說你能勝任的原因 (有團隊精神,善于交流等)
•說說你對文化小使者的理解(如相互學(xué)習(xí),增進友誼,加深文化了解等)
•希望申請成功
注意:
1. 可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮,注意行文連貫;
2. 詞數(shù)120左右。開頭已為你寫好,不計入總詞數(shù)。
Name (姓名) | Li Hua | Sex (性別) | M | Age (年齡) | 18 |
(電子郵件) | lihua@hongguangschool.com | ||||
Application Form (申請表) I’m a student from Tianjin Hongguang Middle School. I _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。注意:涂卡時,如答題卡上沒有E、F、G選項,請按如下方式填涂:選E涂AB;選F涂BC;選G涂CD。
Before going outside in the morning, many of us check a window thermometer (溫度計) for the temperature. This helps us decide what to wear. 1 We want our food to be a certain coldness in the refrigerator. We want it a certain hotness in the oven. If we don’t feel well, we use a thermometer to see if we have a fever. We keep our rooms a certain warmth in the winter and a certain coolness in the summer.
Not all the thermometers use the same system to measure temperature. We use a system called the Fahrenheit scale. But most other countries use the Centigrade scale.
Both systems use the freezing and boiling points of water as their guide. 2
The most common kind of thermometer is made with mercury (水銀) inside a clear glass tube. As mercury ( or any other liquid ) becomes hot, it expands. As it gets colder, it contracts (收縮) . That is why on hot days the mercury line is high in the glass tube. 3
First, take a clear glass juice bottle that has a cap; fill the bottle with colored water. Tap a hole in the center of the cap using a hammer and thick nail. Put the cap on the jar. Then stick a plastic straw (吸管) through the nail hole.
4
Finally, place a white card on the outside of the bottle and behind the straw. Now you can see the water level easily.
5
As the temperature goes down, the water will contract, and the level in the straw will come down. Perhaps you will want to keep a record of the water level in the straw each morning for a week.
A. We use and depend on thermometers to measure the temperature of many other things in our daily lives.
B. Thermometers measure temperature, by using materials that change in the same way when they are heated or cooled.
C. Now that you know this rule you can make a thermometer of your own that will work.
D. The water will rise in the straw. As the temperature of the air goes up, the water will expand and rise even higher.
E. They label these in different ways. On the Fahrenheit scale water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees. On the Celsius scale water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.
F. Take wax ( you may use an old candle if you have one ) and melt some of it right where the straw is stuck into the cap to seal them together.
G. People use thermometers which are made by themselves when travelling around the world.
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。注意:涂卡時,如答題卡上沒有E、F、G選項,請按如下方式填涂:選E涂AB;選F涂BC;選G涂CD。
Before going outside in the morning, many of us check a window thermometer (溫度計) for the temperature. This helps us decide what to wear. 1 We want our food to be a certain coldness in the refrigerator. We want it a certain hotness in the oven. If we don’t feel well, we use a thermometer to see if we have a fever. We keep our rooms a certain warmth in the winter and a certain coolness in the summer.
Not all the thermometers use the same system to measure temperature. We use a system called the Fahrenheit scale. But most other countries use the Centigrade scale.
Both systems use the freezing and boiling points of water as their guide. 2
The most common kind of thermometer is made with mercury (水銀) inside a clear glass tube. As mercury ( or any other liquid ) becomes hot, it expands. As it gets colder, it contracts (收縮) . That is why on hot days the mercury line is high in the glass tube. 3
First, take a clear glass juice bottle that has a cap; fill the bottle with colored water. Tap a hole in the center of the cap using a hammer and thick nail. Put the cap on the jar. Then stick a plastic straw (吸管) through the nail hole.
4
Finally, place a white card on the outside of the bottle and behind the straw. Now you can see the water level easily.
5
As the temperature goes down, the water will contract, and the level in the straw will come down. Perhaps you will want to keep a record of the water level in the straw each morning for a week.
A. We use and depend on thermometers to measure the temperature of many other things in our daily lives.
B. Thermometers measure temperature, by using materials that change in the same way when they are heated or cooled.
C. Now that you know this rule you can make a thermometer of your own that will work.
D. The water will rise in the straw. As the temperature of the air goes up, the water will expand and rise even higher.
E. They label these in different ways. On the Fahrenheit scale water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees. On the Celsius scale water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.
F. Take wax ( you may use an old candle if you have one ) and melt some of it right where the straw is stuck into the cap to seal them together.
G. People use thermometers which are made by themselves when travelling around the world.
閱讀下面短文,從短文后各題所給的四個選項(A、B、C和D)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
One day a few years ago we had an uninvited guest—a sparrow. 36 the little bird had flown into our open garage. Then I 37 the bird before I saw it.
“What’s that?”I asked when I first heard the sound.
“It’s coming from the 38 .”my wife, Anita, said. “Maybe it’s one of the little 39 .”
I looked into the garage. No children at all. But there was that sound again, coming from right up there. And that’s 40 I saw the sparrow. It was flying 41 just inches below the ceiling. It was clearly 42 to get out, but couldn’t see the way out was not up, but 43 and and out through the garage door. So the bird continued flapping its wings and bumping its little head 44 the ceiling.
I tried to terrify it out, but only succeeded in driving it into the 45 open space between the door and the ceiling. Then I tried to show the bird how to fly down a few feet 46 it could get outside, but that only seemed to 47 it more.
“Why don’t we just leave for a few minutes,” Anita 48 .“I’m sure he’ll figure it out eventually.”
We went back into the house, where we 49 to hear the ongoing struggle between the sparrow and the ceiling. Then suddenly, it was 50 and our uninvited guest was gone.
I’ve 51 that little sparrow through the years, and I’ve decided that birds are not different much from people. We think we were 52 to fly ever upward, and we don’t even consider the 53 that something good might happen if we just fly down a little bit. Once we figure out that we can make 54 without banging(碰)our heads against ceilings, we can usually save ourselves much 55 .
36.A. Still B. Somehow C. Instead D. Perhaps
【答案】B
【解析】不知怎么的,這只小鳥飛進了我們開著的車庫。B.不知怎么的。
37.A. heard B. caught C. searched D. observed
【答案】A
【解析】根據(jù)下文when I first heard the sound, 可知本句的意思是“未見其鳥,先聞其鳴”。
38.A. house B. backyard C. garage D. basement
【答案】C
【解析】根據(jù)36題所在的句子可知, 小鳥進入了garage,所以聲音應(yīng)該從garage傳來。
39.A. birds B. guests C. cats D. kids
【答案】D
【解析】根據(jù)下文no children at all.可知, 作者的妻子認(rèn)為是期中一個孩子
40.A. when B. how C. why D. whether
【答案】A
【解析】when引導(dǎo)表語從句。“就在那時我看到了那只麻雀。”
41.A. quickly B. anxiously C. cautiously D. slowly
【答案】B
【解析】anxiously不安的,焦慮的。因為被困,所以很焦慮。
42. A. deciding B. hesitating C. trying D. choosing
【答案】C
【解析】try to get out努力要出去。
43. A. up B. backward C. forward D. down
【答案】D
【解析】但是它看不到出去的路不在上方,而在下方。
44. A. against B. off C. along D. into
【答案】A
【解析】bump its little head against the ceiling 小腦袋撞擊天花板
45. A. free B. small C. wide D. dark
【答案】B
【解析】門和天花板之間的空間很小。
46. A. in case B. even if C. as though D. so that
【答案】D
【解析】so that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。
47. A. puzzle B. confuse C. frighten D. disturb
【答案】C
【解析】但是這樣似乎使它更害怕。Frighten sb使某人害怕, 嚇唬某人
48. A. suggested B. explained C. insisted D. demanded
【答案】A
【解析】why don’t sb do 是表示建議的用語。 所以選擇A。
49. A. attempted B. continued C. refused D. failed
【答案】B
【解析】continue to do sth繼續(xù)干某事
50. A. fierce B. empty C. safe D. silent
【答案】D
【解析】根據(jù)下文our uninvited guest was gone, 所以沒有聲音了,很安靜
51.A. looked after B. worried about C. thought about D. brought up
【答案】C
【解析】A.照看 B.擔(dān)心 C.思考 D. 提出。下文題到“鳥和人沒有什么不同”,所以作者是在思考。
52. A. forced B. determined C. born D. urged
【答案】C
【解析】be born to do 天生就是干某事的。 “我們認(rèn)為我們天生就是往上飛的”
53. A. idea B. possibility C. challenge D. problem
【答案】B
【解析】我們甚至沒有考慮這種可能性,如果我們飛的低一些,好事也可能會發(fā)生。
54. A. progress B. peace C. decisions D. efforts
【答案】A
【解析】make progress取得進步
55. A. panic B. pressure C. loss D. trouble
【答案】D
【解析】save some trouble 省去很多麻煩。
1.D【解析】β-珠蛋白DNA探針、RNA聚合酶結(jié)合位點、大腸桿菌質(zhì)粒的化學(xué)本質(zhì)都是DNA;胰島素是蛋白質(zhì);HIV的遺傳物質(zhì)是RNA;生長素是吲哚乙酸;2,4-D是一種生長素類似物。
2.D【解析】作物“燒心”是由于缺乏如鐵、鈣等在細胞中以穩(wěn)定化合物形式存在的礦質(zhì)元素,有別于因缺水而造成的“燒苗”。
3.B【解析】疫苗的作用是在機體不患病的情況下發(fā)生免疫反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生的抗體與抗原結(jié)合,發(fā)揮免疫效應(yīng);流感病毒的遺傳物質(zhì)是單鏈的RNA,其結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性不如天花病毒的雙鏈DNA,容易發(fā)生變異,所以流感疫苗的研究的難度較天花疫苗研究的難度大很多;正是由于流感病毒極易發(fā)生變異,所以某種特定的單克隆抗體不一定對其它的抗原起作用。
4.C【解析】生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的成分除生產(chǎn)者、消費者和分解者外,還包括了非生物的物質(zhì)和能量;生物圈的自給自足表現(xiàn)在物質(zhì)上,能量來源于太陽能;草原上的牛和羊同屬于第二營養(yǎng)級,共獲得生產(chǎn)者固定太陽能的10%~20%。
5.B【解析】考查分泌蛋白的形成和分泌過程這一知識點和圖形分析能力。蛋白質(zhì)分泌以細胞膜的外排方式實現(xiàn),所經(jīng)過的膜結(jié)構(gòu)順序為:內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)→高爾基體→細胞膜,所以結(jié)果是:內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)面積減小,高爾基體膜面積不變,細胞膜面積增加。
6.B 【解析】有機分子的特點一般滿足C四鍵、H一鍵、N三鍵原則,三聚氰胺分子中含有3個-NH2,則其余3個C、3個N形成一個六元環(huán),故三聚氰胺的結(jié)構(gòu)簡式為。。根據(jù)三聚氰胺的結(jié)構(gòu)簡式,該物質(zhì)不是高聚物,也不是氨基酸,但分子中含有不飽和鍵,在一定條件下能發(fā)生加成反應(yīng)。六元環(huán)不變且除自身外的三聚氰胺的異構(gòu)體有3種。
7.B 【解析】選項A,Na2O2中含有的陽離子為Na+,陰離子為O22?,0.1mol Na218O2中含有的陰陽離子總數(shù)為0.3NA。選項B,C2H4、C3H6的化學(xué)式均為CH2,
8.A 【解析】選項A,ClO-具有氧化性,SO2具有還原性,SO2被氧化為SO42?,ClO-被還原為Cl?,正確。選項B,加入少許H+時,CO32?優(yōu)先與H+結(jié)合生成HCO3?。選項C,離子方程式兩邊電荷不守恒。選項D,Mg2+能與電解產(chǎn)生的OH?結(jié)合生成難溶性Mg(OH)2沉淀:Mg2+ + 2Cl? + 2H2O=Mg(OH)2↓+ H2↑+ Cl2↑。
9. B 【解析】加入稀H2SO4出現(xiàn)白色混濁說明一定存在Ba2+,因SO32?、CO32?能與Ba2+結(jié)合生成難溶物BaSO3、BaCO3,所以原溶液中不存在SO32?、CO32?。由于溶液呈電中性,剩下的一種HCO3?,一定存在。無法判斷是否含有K+,所以原溶液中一定含有Ba2+、HCO3?,可能含有K+。溶質(zhì)可能是Ba(HCO3)2或Ba(HCO3)2和KHCO3。
10.D 【解析】根據(jù)題設(shè)條件可推知A為NH4+,B為OH?,C為NH3,D為H2O。NH3能與H2O反應(yīng)生成NH3?H2O。NH4+為離子,不是分子,所以NH4+不是非極性分子。選項D,固態(tài)H2O分子間存在氫鍵,其熔沸點高于固態(tài)H2S,與H-O和H-S鍵強弱無關(guān)。NH4Cl ,NH4+水解溶液的pH<7。
11.C【解析】分析反應(yīng)①②中各元素的價態(tài)變化可知,反應(yīng)①中,SO2為還原劑,F(xiàn)e3+為氧化劑,且還原性:SO2>Fe2+,氧化性:Fe3+>SO42?。反應(yīng)②中,F(xiàn)e2+為還原劑,Cr2O72?為氧化劑,且還原性:Fe2+>Cr3+ ,氧化性:Cr2O72? > Fe3+。由此可見選項A、B錯誤。選項C,由于Cr2O72?具有氧化性,Na2SO3具有還原性,故Cr2O72? 能將Na2SO3氧化成Na2SO4。選項D,反應(yīng)①中Fe2(SO4)3為氧化劑,反應(yīng)②中Fe2(SO4)3為氧化產(chǎn)物。
12.C【解析】選項A,NaHS、Na2S溶液又因為有HS?、S2?的水解,使其溶液呈堿性,但S2?的水解能力大于HS?,故溶液的pH值:③>②。H2S溶液呈酸性,H2S和NaHS混合液中,由于HS?抑制的H2S的電離,故溶液的pH:④>①,4種溶液pH大小順序為:③>②>④>①。選項B,由于HS?抑制H2S的電離,所以H2S溶液中的c(H2S)小于H2S和Na2S混合液中的c(H2S)。選項C,c(Na+)=0.1mol?L-1,根據(jù)物料守恒有:c(H2S)
+ c(HS?) + c(S2?)=0.2mol?L-1,故
13.B 【解析】設(shè)達平衡時生成SO3(g)物質(zhì)的量為2x ,則剩余SO2(g)的物質(zhì)的量為(3-2x),O2(g)(2-x),混合氣體總的物質(zhì)的量為(5-x),根據(jù)阿伏伽德羅定律有5/(5-x)=1/0.9,解得x=0.5mol,再結(jié)合熱化學(xué)方程式可知,放出的熱量為196.6kJ/2=98.3kJ。選項B,起始物質(zhì)的量改為 4mol SO2 、 3 mol O2 、2SO3 (g) 相當(dāng)于加入6mol SO2、4mol O2,n(SO2)/n(O2)=3/2,故與第一次平衡是等效平衡,兩次平衡中SO2的轉(zhuǎn)化率、SO3的體積分?jǐn)?shù)相等,故選項B正確,C錯誤。選項D,題目沒有告訴達平衡時的時間,無法計算反應(yīng)速率。
14.AD【解析】由狀態(tài)方程知溫度升高而壓強增大體積必增大,故狀態(tài)I時氣體的密度比狀態(tài)II時氣體的密度大,A正確,平衡態(tài)II的溫度比狀態(tài)I高,故狀態(tài)I時分子的平均動能比狀態(tài)II時分子的平均動能小,B錯誤,由熱力學(xué)第一定律知從狀態(tài)I到狀態(tài)II過程中溫度升高內(nèi)能變大,體積增大對外界做功,氣體要從外界吸熱,故C錯,D正確,故選AD。
15.答案:BD【解析】:在同一介質(zhì)中紅光傳播速度最大,從AB面射入到BC面射出,紅光用的時間最短,故選項A錯.由于玻璃對紅光折射率最小,對紫光的折射率最大,即紫光的偏折本領(lǐng)最大,所以彩色光帶右邊緣的色光為紅光,左邊緣的色光為紫光,且紫光的頻率比紅光的要高,當(dāng)紅光能讓某金屬板發(fā)生光電效應(yīng),紫光也一定能夠,故選項B正確.在同樣條件下做雙縫干涉實驗,波長越長,相鄰干涉條紋間距越大,而彩色光帶左邊緣的色光是紫光,其波長最短,故選項C錯.對玻璃而言,在七色光中,紅光的臨界角最大,當(dāng)∠MNB逐漸變小時,射到AC面上的光的入射角變小,且紅光入射角小得更多,故紅光最先從從AC面透出,所以選項D正確.
16、答案 D 【解析】 燒斷細線后,無論是彈簧將A+B和C彈開過程,還是A和B分離后,系統(tǒng)始終動量守恒、機械能守恒;彈簧將A+B和C彈開過程,A+B和C動量大小相等,動能跟質(zhì)量成反比,因此A+B的總動能是E/3,其中A的動能是E/6;當(dāng)時C的動能是2E/3;前3個選項都錯,可判定D正確。證明:A和B分離時,B+C的總動能是5E/6,B、C共速時彈性勢能最大,當(dāng)時A和B+C動量大小相等,動能跟質(zhì)量成反比,因此B+C的動能是E/12,該過程B+C的動能損失就是此時的彈性勢能,因此Ep=5E/6- E/12=3E/4。
17.答案:ACD【解析】:根據(jù)波的傳播方向,可以判斷b質(zhì)點此時刻振動方向沿y軸負方向,離開平衡位置,速度正在變小,A對;由圖象可知該波的波長是
18.C【解析】從圖(甲)到圖(乙)的過程中,根據(jù)動能定理有:,所以;從拋出后到落地,根據(jù)動能定理得:,代入上式可得:。
19.答案: BC 【解析】此模型為類雙星模型,兩電荷做圓周運動的角速度相等;兩個電荷之間的庫侖力充當(dāng)各自做圓周運動的向心力,所以向心力大小相等,A錯,B對.由知,線速度大小與質(zhì)量成反比,運動半徑與質(zhì)量成反比,C對,D錯.
20.答案:ABD 【解析】天然放射性元素的半衰期與溫度改變無關(guān)。根據(jù)質(zhì)能方程計算可知D答案正確。
21.答案:.D 【解析】地球同步衛(wèi)星是指與地球自轉(zhuǎn)同步的人造衛(wèi)星,它的周期是24小時,它的軌道平面只能在赤道,得軌道也是固定的,但并不是說同一赤道平面內(nèi)的、或是周期與地球自轉(zhuǎn)周期相等的就都是同步衛(wèi)星,故A、C是錯的、D是正確的;同步衛(wèi)星做圓周運動時,內(nèi)部的儀器是處于失重狀態(tài)而不是超重狀態(tài),B錯
22.答案.(1)(g+a)× (OM-ON)=(g-a)× OP (4分)
【解析】利用紙帶分析得m1帶動m2的加速度為a ,又由牛頓第二定律得a=解得
⑴3000;(2分)
⑵丙(1分);乙圖中電流表的示數(shù)太小,誤差太大。丙圖中R的阻值與電壓表阻值接近,誤差小。(3分)。
⑶實物圖連接如右圖所示:(4分)
⑷實驗步驟:
①閉合K1.再閉合K2,讀得電壓表示數(shù)U1;再斷開K2,讀得電壓表示數(shù)U2.(2分)、冢V=。(2分)
23.【解析】:(1)負電……(2分)∵mg =E×……(5分)
∴E=4(r+R)dmg/Rq…………(2分)
(2)mg+q v0B=……………(5分) ∴v0=mg/qB…………(2分)
24.【解析】:(1)ab通過最大電流時,受力分析如圖甲,此時靜摩擦力最大,,方向沿斜面向下,由平衡條件得:
水平:
(3分)
豎直:(3分)
以上兩式聯(lián)立得出
(3分)
(2)通以最小電流時,ab受力分析如圖乙,此時ab受靜摩擦力,方向沿斜面向上,與(1)類似,由平衡條件得:(3分)
(3)當(dāng)ab中電流最小時,變阻器阻值為:(3分)
當(dāng)ab中電流最強時,變阻器阻值為:,(2分 )
為保持ab靜止,R的調(diào)節(jié)范圍為0.91~10.(1分)
25.【解析】:(1)設(shè)A物塊碰撞B物塊前后的速度分別為v1和v2,碰撞過程中動量守恒,
代入數(shù)據(jù)得: (4分)
(2)設(shè)A、B兩物塊碰撞前后兩物塊組成的系統(tǒng)的機械能分別為E1和E2,機械能的損失為,根據(jù)能的轉(zhuǎn)化和守恒定律:
% (4分)
(3)設(shè)物塊A的初速度為v0,輪胎與冰面的動摩擦因數(shù)為µ,A物塊與B物塊碰撞前,根據(jù)動能定理: (3分)
碰后兩物塊共同滑動過程中根據(jù)動能定理:
(3分)
由、 及(1)、(2)得: (2分)
設(shè)在冰面上A物塊距離B物塊為L′時,A物塊與B物塊不相撞,
則: (4分)
26.(15分)(1)(1)KNO3 (2分)CuSO4(2分)
(2) Na2CO3 (2分)
(3)Al3+ + 3OH?=Al(OH)3↓(3分) Al(OH)3 + OH?=AlO2? + 2H2O (3分)
(4) Al3+ + 3H2O Al(OH)3(膠體)+ 3H+ (3分)
【解析】根據(jù)實驗①可知,D中含有Cu2+;根據(jù)實驗②可知C中含有Al3+,E可能是KOH或NaOH,再根據(jù)③,只有B、C中含有K+,故E為NaOH。根據(jù)實驗③A中含有HCO3?,故A為NaHCO3,C、D中含有SO42?,故D為CuSO4,C為KAl(SO4)2。
最后可判定B為KNO3。等物質(zhì)的量的NaHCO3與NaOH反應(yīng)生成Na2CO3和H2O。 NaOH溶液加入到KAl(SO4)2溶液中,首先是Al3+與OH?反應(yīng)生成Al(OH)3,Al(OH)3沉淀又溶解在過量的NaOH溶液中:Al3+ + 3OH?=Al(OH)3↓,Al(OH)3 + OH?=AlO2? + 2H2O。KAl(SO4)2中的Al3+水解生成具有吸附作用的Al(OH)3膠體而凈水。
27.(14分)(1)Na2CO3 +HCl=NaHCO3 + NaCl (3分)
(2)Cl2 + 2OH?=Cl? + ClO? + H2O (3分)
(3)①Na2O或Na2O2 (4分,每空各2分)②Na或NaOH (4分,每空各2分)
【解析】(1)根據(jù)題設(shè)條件可知,B為鹽酸,C為CO2,D為H2O,E為NaCl。
(2)根據(jù)題設(shè)條件可知B為濃鹽酸,C為Cl2。
(3)若C為O2,D、E的焰色反應(yīng)均為黃色,D、E中含有Na+,含有Na+的能產(chǎn)生O2的固體為Na2O2,E能與鹽酸反應(yīng)生成的氣體能使澄清石灰水變混濁,該氣體為CO2,B、E可相互轉(zhuǎn)化,故可推知B溶液為NaHCO3溶液,E為Na2CO3溶液,D為NaOH溶液。Na2O2與NaHCO3溶液反應(yīng)可分解為:2Na2O2 + 2H2O=4NaOH + O2↑,NaHCO3 + NaOH=Na2CO3 + H2O。amol NaHCO3→a mol Na2CO3,只要增加a mol Na+,同時用OH? 將HCO3?轉(zhuǎn)化為CO32? ,所加物質(zhì)所產(chǎn)生的Na+和OH?的物質(zhì)的量相等,才能不產(chǎn)生雜質(zhì),故X為Na2O或Na2O2,Y為Na或NaOH。
28.(16分)(1)B(2分) 銅與HNO3反應(yīng)前,應(yīng)排凈裝置內(nèi)的空氣,防止NO與O2發(fā)生反應(yīng) (2分)
(2)將C中的溶液加適量水稀釋(2分)
(3)③④⑤⑨ (3分)
(4)第二,打開a,通足量N2,排凈裝置中的空氣(2分)
(5)向下移動乙管,使甲、乙兩管液面在同一水平面上(2分)
(6)(V-11.2n)/33.6n (3分)
【解析】根據(jù)實驗?zāi)康,要求得m值,需測定出Cu與HNO3反應(yīng)生成的NO2和NO的物質(zhì)的量,為此需將產(chǎn)生的氣體首先通入裝置C中,H2O吸收NO2生成NO和HNO3,用裝置E測定出NO的體積,如果裝置中有空氣,空氣中的O2會將NO氧化成NO2導(dǎo)致實驗誤差,裝置B通入N2能將裝置中空氣趕走,防止NO被氧化,為此需要的裝置為B、C、E,裝置接口連接順序為③④⑤⑨。由于濃HNO3具有強氧化性,能將指示劑氧化而影響實驗,可加水稀釋降低其氧化性,而溶質(zhì)HNO3的量不變,便于觀察指示劑顏色變化。用裝置E測定NO的體積時,如甲的液面高于乙的液面,測出的NO體積偏小,如甲的液面低于乙的液面,測出的NO體積偏大,故應(yīng)向下移動乙管,使甲、乙兩管液面在同一水平面上,從而減少誤差。根據(jù)反應(yīng):3NO2 + 2H2O=2HNO3 + NO,混合氣體中含有NO21.5nmol,NO總的物質(zhì)的量為V/22.4mol,其中屬于Cu與HNO3反應(yīng)生成的NO為(V/22.4-n/2)mol,故M=(V/22.4-n/2):1.5n=(V-11.2n)/33.6n。
29.(15分)(1)取代(或水解)、中和反應(yīng) (2分) (2)HCOOCH3 (2分) HOCH2CHO (2分)
(3)(2分)
(4)+ 3NaOH+ CH3COONa + 2H2O (3分)
(5) (2分) (2分)
【解析】A的分子式為C9H8O4,A能與醇發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng),說明A中含有-COOH,且A在NaOH溶液中發(fā)生水解生成CH3COONa,說明A中酯的官能團,該官能團與-COOH處于苯環(huán)上的鄰位,再結(jié)合A的分子式推知A的結(jié)構(gòu)簡式為,B為,由于H2CO3的酸性大于酚而小于羧酸,故在溶液中通入CO2時,只有酚的鈉鹽反應(yīng)生成D()和NaHCO3。CH3COONa與H+反應(yīng)生成E(CH3COOH)。CH3COOH的同分異構(gòu)體中R中含有-CHO和-OH:HOCH2CHO,Q中含有-CHO而沒有-OH:HCOOCH3。對照和結(jié)構(gòu)可知,首先用與酚羥基反應(yīng),然后再用酸性KMnO4氧化-CH3為-COOH即可得到A。
30.【解析】(1)新陳代謝是生物最本質(zhì)的特征。(2)人體內(nèi)水的來源包括:飲水、食物中的水、代謝產(chǎn)生的水,人體代謝產(chǎn)生水的途徑有:核糖體上的氨基酸脫水縮合、線粒體中的有氧呼吸等。(3)異化作用類型包括需氧型、厭氧型和兼性厭氧型,根據(jù)材料提供信息,氣性壞疽的異化作用類型為厭氧型。(4)本題考查的是細胞的選擇透過性,細胞的功能特性決定于細胞膜上的載體的種類和數(shù)量
【答案】(12分,每空各2分)(1)新陳代謝現(xiàn)象 (2) 代謝產(chǎn)生水
氨基酸脫水縮合(或有氧呼吸) (3) 厭氧型
(4)選擇透過性 載體蛋白
【解析】由反應(yīng)式:CO2+C5→C3和
【答案】(10分,每空各2分)(1)低、高、約等于 (2)溫度
(3)光照強度、CO2濃度、溫度
31.(20分)【解析】:(1)該6個品系玉米的基因型分別為:①:AABBCCDDEE ②:aaBBCCDDEE ③:AAbbccDDEE ④:AABBCCddEE ⑤:AABBCCDDee ⑥:aabbccddee
基因分離定律適用于一對等位基因控制的相對性狀的遺傳,基因自由組合定律適用于2對(及以上)的同源染色體上的2對(及以上)等位基因控制的性狀遺傳。具有兩對相對性狀的純合親本雜交,F(xiàn)1自交。若F2中出現(xiàn)性狀分離比為:雙顯∶單顯1∶單顯2∶雙隱=9∶3∶3∶1,則控制這兩對相對性狀的基因位于2對同源染色體上,反之則位于同一染色體上
讓F1側(cè)交,若F2中出現(xiàn)性狀分離比為:雙顯∶單顯1∶單顯2∶雙隱=1∶1∶1∶1,則控制這兩對相對性狀的基因位于2對同源染色體上,反之則位于同一染色體上
【答案】(1)②與①(③或、④、⑤) (1分) 不行 (1分) 品系①和⑤只有一對相對性狀 (2分)不行 (1分) 控制花色和種皮顏色的基因位于同一對同源染色體(Ⅰ)上,而控制子葉味道的基因位置未知(2分)
(2)D(1分)
①若綠色非甜子葉∶綠色甜子葉∶黃色非甜子葉∶黃色甜子葉=9∶3∶3∶1,則控制子葉顏色和味道的基因不是位于同一染色體上。(3分)
②若綠色非甜子葉∶綠色甜子葉∶黃色非甜子葉∶黃色甜子葉≠9∶3∶3∶1(答綠色甜子葉:綠色非甜子葉:黃色非甜子葉=1:2:1也可),則控制子葉顏色和味道的基因位于同一染色體上。(3分)
(3)
①若綠色非甜子葉∶綠色甜子葉∶黃色非甜子葉∶黃色甜子葉=1∶1∶1∶1,則控制子葉顏色和味道的基因不是位于同一染色體上。(3分)
②若綠色非甜子葉∶綠色甜子葉∶黃色非甜子葉∶黃色甜子葉≠1∶1∶1∶1(答綠色甜子葉:黃色非甜子葉=1:1也可),則控制子葉顏色和味道的基因位于同一染色體上。(3分)
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