American English

教學(xué)目標(biāo)

1. vocabulary:

difficulty, pronounce, fall(n.), ask...for, pardon, medicine, however, British, a great many, store, and so on, the same as, more or less, reason, Europe, cent, Indian, cookbook, change...into,  explain

2. Oral English:

      1) Would you please say that again more slowly ? 你能慢慢地再說一遍嗎?

      2) Pardon ? 你說什么?

3) I'm sorry . I know only a little English / I don't quite follow you.抱歉,我英語懂得很少,我不太明白你的意思。

      4) How do you pronounce / spell ... ? 你怎么讀/拼......

      5) I have some difficulty in doing sth. 我在做...方面有困難.

      6) What does ... mean ? ... 是什么意思?

3. 語法：學(xué)習(xí)直接引語和間接引語

教學(xué)建議

對(duì)話分析

The dialogue is quite simple, so the teacher can encourage the Ss to

act it out in class. Also the students can make up some related

dialogues. when it comes to the text, the content is quite dull.

    To make it more interesting, the teacher can tell a joke in the

    beginning. When dealing with the content of the text, the teacher

    can focus on some exercises, such as Choose and Fill in blanks.

重點(diǎn)知識(shí)講解

1.difficulty n.困難，艱難，難事；有可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞兩種用法?

①用作不可數(shù)名詞，意為"困難、艱難"，常用在以下句型中

have no/find(some, any, much) difficulty with sth./(in) doing sth.

    There is no (some, any, much) difficulty (in) doing sth.

    I had no difficulty in learning English.

    There was much difficulty (in) explaining it to him.

    ②用作可數(shù)名詞，表示具體的困難，意為"難事，難點(diǎn)，困境，難處"。

    This book is full of difficulties.

    In face of so many difficulties, we never appeared to be afraid.

2. come about

      這是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞短語，其意思是（happen）“發(fā)生”，“造成”。與happen一樣，沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

     （１）You failed the exam. How did it come about? 這次考試你怎么不及格？

     （２）Sometimes it is hard to tell how a quarrel (爭吵) comes about.

     有時(shí)候很難說出口角是怎么引起的。

△聯(lián)想 come 構(gòu)成的短語有：

       come across偶然遇到；come to do 開始做……； come along一道去、快點(diǎn)、過來；come true 變成現(xiàn)實(shí)；come from 來自、出生于；come near 臨近；come to an end 結(jié)束；come down 下來、流傳下來；come into use 開始使用；come back 回來、回想；come into power 上臺(tái)；come out 出來、長出、被出版；come into being 產(chǎn)生；come on 進(jìn)行、進(jìn)展、趕快、來！加油；come to oneself 蘇醒；come up 發(fā)生、被提出、長出、發(fā)芽。

３. And so on

 該詞組用于列舉事物，一般放在句末（但是不完全列舉。）意為“等等”，“如此等等”。如：

      （1）Vegetables are potatoes, beas, cabbages and so on.蔬來有土豆、豆子、白萊等等。

      （2）They asked what my name was, where I lived, who my parents were, and so on..

            他們問我姓什名誰，家住哪里，父母是何人，等等。

4. more or less這是個(gè)固定詞組，意為( about, almost, nearly) 大約，或多或少，大體上。在句中作狀語，可放在修飾詞之前，也可放在句末，用逗號(hào)與句子分開。例如：

   （1）The work is more or less finished.　這項(xiàng)工作大體完成了。

   （2）The trip will take ten days more or less. 這次旅行約需十天時(shí)間。

（3）I hope my advice will be more or less helpful to you.希望我的建議對(duì)你多少有些幫助。

5. When do you take your next exams?

    1) 注意exam / examination 同動(dòng)詞的搭配：

    take / have an exam (學(xué)生參加考試)；give（students）an exam 老師考學(xué)生；

            hold an exam 舉行考試；          pass an exam 考試合格；

            fail (in ) an exam 考試不合格

    2) 注意本句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí)。有這種用法的動(dòng)詞有：take, begin, get, go, start, leave等，表示按計(jì)劃或時(shí)刻表將要發(fā)生的事情。如：

            When does the winter holiday begin? 寒假什么時(shí)候開始？

            The plane takes off at 9:30 a. m. 飛機(jī)上午九點(diǎn)三十分起飛。

6. I have some difficulty in pronouncing some of the words in English。

  I have some difficulties with pronunciation.

difficulty即可作不可數(shù)名詞，又可作可數(shù)名詞，意為“困難”，用于下列句式：

a. have + difficulty + (in) doing sth.

其中介詞in可省略。它表示“在做某事時(shí)有困難”、“在……方面費(fèi)勁”。difficulty前可用some, great, much, little, no等詞飾飾。例如：

            You' ll have no difficulty ( in ) finding his house, for he is well

            known in this area.

b. have + difficulty/difficulties + with sth. 名詞前用介詞with,不用in, 且with不可省略。例如：

            I'm having some difficulty with my daughter's maths homework.

            c. There is no (some, much, any) difficulty (in) doing sth.

            d. do sth. with/without any difficulty

            e .find difficulty (in) doing sth.

例如：

  （1）There was much difficulty (in) explaining it to him.

                 要給他解釋清楚真費(fèi)了不少勁。

  （2）I find some difficulty (in) learning Russian. 我覺得學(xué)俄語有些困難。

  （3）He finished his homework without (any) difficulty.他毫不費(fèi)力地完成了家庭作業(yè)。

  （4）His English was very bad and he spoke with difficulty.他的英語很差，說起來很吃力。

7. At first, the language stayed the same as th language used in Britain. 起初這種語言同在英國使用的語言仍然相同。

    But Americans still talk about “fall” just as people do in some parts of western English. 但是美國人還是說 “fall” , 就像英格蘭西部有些地區(qū)的人說 “fall”一樣。

    1）stay

      在句中相當(dāng)于連系動(dòng)詞，意為“保持某種狀態(tài)”；相當(dāng)于keep的意思，通常接形容詞作表語，無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。它還可以用作不及物動(dòng)詞，表示“停留”等，例如：

    The shop stayed open till 6 o’clock. 這家商店一直營業(yè)到六點(diǎn)。

    句式一：stay + 形，維持（……的狀態(tài)）。如：

       The windows stayed open all the night.

   句式二：stay(+副)，停留（在某處）。如：

       You should stay in bed.

   句式三：stay (+ 副)，留宿，客居，暫住。如：

    How long did you stay in New York?

   2）the same as / the same …as 是“和……一樣”的意思。在same之前總要加定冠詞the。 as 是關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，as 在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語。as 從句可用省略形式。如：

    This is the same material as is used in building the bridge.

  這和建那座橋所用的材料一樣。（as 作主語）

    3）just as 意為“正如，恰似”，as 是連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)方式狀語從句，有時(shí)也可引導(dǎo)表語從句。如：

    She loves singing just as her mother did. 她喜歡唱歌，正像她媽媽過去喜歡唱歌一樣。

    Jack didn’t feel just as his wife did. 湯姆并不像他妻子感受的那樣。（引導(dǎo)表語從句。）

8．Would you please say that again more slowly? = Will you please say that again more slowly? = Please say that again more slowly.

“Would/will you please. . . ?”是婉轉(zhuǎn)提出要求時(shí)的禮貌用語，用would比用will更加禮貌，多用于對(duì)陌生人或長輩說話的場合。注意該句型后接動(dòng)詞原形，肯定回答：Yes,  I will. / Sure, / All right. Certainly. / Yes, please. 否定回答：No, I won’t. / I’m sorry, but I can’t. / No, thank you.

9．In China about seven people in ten speak putonghua.

in 作介詞，表示比例、比率，例如：

One in ten students could solve the problem.

10．I know only a little English. 我只懂一點(diǎn)英語.

      little 作"少"解，有否定的意味，即"少得幾乎沒有"（almost no）的意思，a

      little雖然也作"少"解，但有肯定的意味，"即雖少但還有一點(diǎn)"的意思.而only a little 卻是否定的.和little 同義,在非正式文體中一般用only a little來代替little.

試比較下列對(duì)話：

     A：I'm thirsty. Can you give me some water to drink? 我渴了，給我一點(diǎn)水喝好嗎？

     B：Sure. There is a little water in the bottle. Take  it.好的，瓶里還有一點(diǎn)水，拿去吧。

     A：I'm thirsty. Can you give me some water to drink?我渴了，給我一點(diǎn)水喝好嗎？

     B：I'm sorry, but there is little / only a little water in the bottle.對(duì)不起，瓶里沒有什么水了。

1．no longer 與no more

  這是一對(duì)近義詞，都作“不再”、“再也不”（for no further period of time ）解，一般可通用。

１）no more一般位于句末或句首，而no longer則可用于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前，助動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞之后，或者位于句尾。例如：

     （1）He still smoked, but he drank no more. 他還在吸煙，但不再喝酒了。

     （2）They are no longer staying with us.  他們不再跟我們住在一起。

2） no more ＝ not. . . any more, no longer = not. . . any longer. no  more/ longer 是正式用法，not. . . any more/longer 比較自然。如：

（1）I do not see him any more/any longer.我不能再看到他了。

      （2）I did not feel sick any more. 我不再感到惡心了。

3）no more (not. ..any more)

     強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量和程度，表示動(dòng)作不再重復(fù)，一般指把現(xiàn)在的情況將來對(duì)比，即“現(xiàn)在如何如何，將來不再這樣(now, but not in the future)”. no longer(not. . .any longer)

     強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作不再延緩，一般是現(xiàn)在的情況同過去對(duì)比，即“過去如何如何，現(xiàn)在不再這樣(once, but not now) �！�

   例如：

    （1）She is not a child any longer.

            = She is no longer a child. 她再也不是個(gè)孩子了。

（2）I won't do such stupid things any more.

            = I'll do such stupid things no more.  我（今后）再也不干這種蠢事了。

2. 辨析  however / but / while

     從詞義上看，三詞相近，均表示上下文之間語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折，其中but語氣強(qiáng)烈，譯作“但是”；從詞性上看，however作“然而、可是”解時(shí)是副詞，而but與while是連詞，用于連接并列分句；從句子位置看，but與while一般位于兩個(gè)并列分句的中間，however位置靈活，可位于可首，句中或句尾，而且必須用“，”與句子分開。例如：

            We love peace, but we are not afraid of war.

            This plan is all right; however, it can be made better.

            I’m interested in sports while my brother is fond of music.

               He is young, but he knows a lot. 他尚年幼，但懂得卻多。

            Later, however, he decided to go. 可后來他決定去了。

３．A great many words and expressions have come into the language from American English…

    英語中表“許多”的詞組有很多，一般可按其用法分為以下三類：

    修飾可名詞：many; a great (good, large ) number of; quite a few; numbers of; many a ; a great (good) many; scores of 等。many a ,其意近似于many , 但many a 后邊接可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如：

     Many a student has such a question.

     修飾不可數(shù)名詞：much; a great (good ) deal of; a large amount of; large amounts of

     既可修飾可數(shù)名詞，也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞：a lot of (lots of ); plenty of; a large quantity

of; large quantities of 等。

     plenty of, a lot of / lots of常用在肯定句中，否定句中多用many或much 。如：

     Today I haven’t much work to do. 今天我沒有許多事做。

4. Now ask your partner for the answers.

     句式“ask + 名(人)+ for +名”意為“向（某人）請(qǐng)求……”；“向（某人）要求……”，例如：

     He asked his parents for a motorcycle.

     比較下列句式：

     句式一：ask +for+名，向……要，例如：

After dinner I asked for coffee.

句式二：ask +名(+ for/to+ 名),　請(qǐng)……，例如：

I have been asked for (to) dinner tonight.

句式三：ask + 名（人）＋副詞＋for / to + 名，請(qǐng)……，例如：

He asked me in for a cup of coffee.

I asked her out to lunch.

句式四：ask for + 人，要求（人）來（接電話），例如：

A Mr Simpson from Sydney is asking for the manager.

5．a(chǎn)s用法小結(jié)

１）as用作介詞，意為“作為”，“如同”。as引導(dǎo)的介詞短語大多作狀語，有時(shí)也可用作定語、定語補(bǔ)足語等。例如：

（1）It was Paul’s first important lesson as a student of Chemistry

            and he never forgot it.

        （2）Don't treat me as a child. 別把我當(dāng)小孩看待。

        （3）He is well-known as a writer. 作為一名作家他很出名。

２）as作連詞，有以下幾種不同含義：

          a. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”，“隨著……”“一邊……一邊……”。如：

           He saw his daughter as he was getting off the bus.

           他下車看見了他的女兒。（兩個(gè)短暫動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生）

           b. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，意為“因?yàn)椤�，“既然”，as = since（語氣比because弱）。as原因狀語從句多位于主句前。如：

           （1）As (Since) you are not feeling well, you may stay home.

            　　　既然你不太舒服，你就留在家里吧。

           （2）As he was ill, I went without him. 因?yàn)樗�有病，我�?dú)自去了。

            　　c. 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句，“像……一樣。”常用于as(副詞)…as和not as …as結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

            （3）The book is not so easy as you imagine.　這本書不像你想象的那么容易。

           d. 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，意為“按照”、“如同”。

             She loves singing just as her mother did.她正像她母親一樣喜歡唱歌。

3）as用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，意為“像……的人／物”，“如……那樣�！敝饕�用于such …as, the same …as

            結(jié)構(gòu)中，在從句中作主語、賓語、表語。例如：

            Such books as you bought yesterday are helpful to

            children.像你昨天買的那些書對(duì)孩子們有益。

直接引語和間接引語的區(qū)別

1.下列情況中，直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變：

1)直接引語中的過去完（進(jìn)行）時(shí)在間接引語中時(shí)態(tài)不變

            例如:Tom said, “My brother had been a worker for two years before he

            came here.”

            Tom said that his brother had been a worker for two years before he

            came here.

2) 間接引語中動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)說話時(shí)仍繼續(xù)進(jìn)行或存在進(jìn)，其時(shí)態(tài)不變。

            例如：”I am eight.” the boy said.   The boy said that he is eight.

3) 直接引語中,如果表示過去的時(shí)間狀語用來表示事態(tài)發(fā)生或存在的具體時(shí)間,變間接引語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞仍用一般過去時(shí)。

4）轉(zhuǎn)述習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀事實(shí)或科學(xué)真理時(shí),其時(shí)態(tài)不變。

5）引述動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí),間接引語中的動(dòng)詞可保持原來時(shí)態(tài)。

            例如:He says, “I have accepted her invitation.”   He says that he has

            accepted her invitation.

6).如果直接引語用虛擬語氣，變間接引語時(shí)，仍用原來的動(dòng)詞形式。

            例如：’I insist that you give up smoking,’ said the doctor.

            The doctor insisted that he give up smoking.

7).時(shí)間狀語從句中的一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，在間接引語中保持不變。

8).如果直接引語是以would like 作謂語的特殊疑問句，間接引語中would like 不變；如果直接引語是一般疑問句，like 之后接動(dòng)名詞或名詞作賓語，間接引語中would like也不變。

2.直接引語是祈使句變間接引語，通常將say 改為ask 或tell, order等詞，構(gòu)成ask (tell, order) sb. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。原祈使句如果是否定的，要在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前加not，原祈使句中如果帶有please一詞，間接引語也不再使用。

例如：‘Please open the second window,’ he said.    He asked me to open

          the second window.

3.直接引語是感嘆句，變間接引語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一個(gè)能表達(dá)原意的詞語。

例如：She said, “What a lovely day.”  She remarked with joy that it was

          such a lovely day.