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高三英語語言基礎(chǔ)知識復(fù)習(xí)一

胡小力馬燕范存智

（一）動詞時態(tài)

動詞時態(tài)是英語的一個特點，在漢語中，無論動作發(fā)生在過去、現(xiàn)在，還是將來，動詞的寫法是不變的。因此，受漢語思維的影響，中國學(xué)生在寫英語中出現(xiàn)的時態(tài)錯誤屢見不鮮。

例1，時態(tài)與時間狀語不一致：

錯誤：Over the last 100 years, there were a lot of great inventions happening in human society.

正確：Over the last 100 years, there have been a lot of great inventions happening in human society.

Over the last 100 years 表示持續(xù)的一段時間，因此，謂語動詞需要用現(xiàn)在完成時，類似的短語還有 during the past/the last few days, in the past/the last few months等。

例2，時態(tài)的相互呼應(yīng)不一致：

錯誤： I asked my mother to buy me a new dress, but doesn’t have enough money for it.

正確：I asked my mother to buy me a new dress, but she didn’t have enough money for it. 并列句時態(tài)應(yīng)該一致。

由于動詞時態(tài)是初中語法知識的內(nèi)容，很多高三考生在備考中并不重視動詞時態(tài)的復(fù)習(xí)。然而，動詞時態(tài)作為語法知識的主干知識，是高考英語必須過關(guān)的語法項目。動詞時態(tài)的掌握為動詞的語態(tài)、語氣以及非謂語動詞的掌握奠定了重要的基礎(chǔ)。初中所學(xué)習(xí)的動詞時態(tài)知識基本上停留在基本概念的學(xué)習(xí)和理解，缺乏綜合運用方面的訓(xùn)練。但是，高考英語對動詞時態(tài)的考查，要求考生要具備動詞時態(tài)靈活運用的能力，例如寫作試題，很多考生由于動詞時態(tài)基礎(chǔ)差，導(dǎo)致所寫短文無法上檔次、得高分。近幾年高考英語的單選試題，很多考生由于動詞時態(tài)的綜合性和語境化運用能力不強(qiáng)導(dǎo)致丟分。

語法動詞時態(tài)的備考重點可以概括為：“321”，即3個一般時、2個進(jìn)行時和1個完成時，尤其是現(xiàn)在完成時的用法是考查熱點。英語的現(xiàn)在完成時的用途之廣及其重要性，除現(xiàn)在、過去和將來之外，遠(yuǎn)為其它時態(tài)所不及。這主要是因為，現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去的動作對目前狀況產(chǎn)生的影響或延續(xù)到目前的狀況，這一功能也是一般過去時所不具備的。例如：China has always been on the side of all those peace-loving countries. 該句通過完成時既陳述了中國的立場，也表達(dá)了中國對愛好和平國家的支持，還顯示出中國的氣質(zhì)和態(tài)度。一個時態(tài)能傳示出如此之廣的信息，當(dāng)屬英語這一時態(tài)的獨到之處。

現(xiàn)在完成時的功用基本為以下五點：

1）對已經(jīng)開始的動作的結(jié)局的總結(jié):

They have completed the whole project.

---You have left the light on.

---Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off. (NMET2000)

The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I have ever had before. (NMET2005)

2）對過去動作持續(xù)到目前或延續(xù)到將來的過程描述:

I have thought that there’s something more important than money.

3）交待過去的動作或行為對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響：

I have seen the book already.

The price has gone down, but I doubt whether it will remain so. (NMET99)

Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it. （NMET98）

4）表示某一時段內(nèi)某種動作或行為的重復(fù)性或固定性：

I have told her how to use the computer.

5）在條件句中表示將來要完成的動作：

By the time I have read the whole book through, I’ll let you know what I think about the book.

就跟隨現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的狀語而言，其數(shù)目也遠(yuǎn)比某些其它時態(tài)要多得多。這就從另一個側(cè)面反映了該時態(tài)的重要性。還有一些難點是：不表示現(xiàn)在完成意義的現(xiàn)在完成時：

1）已故偉人的言行

Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth.

Few writers have exposed the evils of the old society of China so penetratingly as Lu Xun has done.

2）用于時間或條件狀語從句里，表示將來某時間以前已完成的動作

We’ll start at twelve if it has stopped raining by that time.

You must come to call me after I have finished the work.

3）可以用在when, before, after, until等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，其主句謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時。這時從句謂語動詞不是表示將來或現(xiàn)在的“完成”，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)“經(jīng)常性的”做完某事以后。

They often play basketball after they have had supper.

He begins to read English aloud as soon as he has done his exercises.

-- I’m going to leave at the end of this month.

--I don’t think you should do that until you have found another job.

(06北京)

4） have got表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼囊饬x，相當(dāng)于動詞have (has) 或will (shall) have

We have got to work tomorrow afternoon though it’s Saturday.

動詞時態(tài)中的一般過去時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和將來時在學(xué)習(xí)的過程看似容易，但是，在高考英語中丟分也很常見。例如以下有關(guān)動詞時態(tài)的高考試題的通過率基本沒有過半，個別試題的通過率是單項填空試題中最低的。

1. ---Your phone number again? I _____quite catch it.

---It’s 9568442. (NMET95)

A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t

2. ---Nancy is not coming tonight.

---But she______! (NMET98)

A. promise B. promised C. will promise D. had promised

3. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _____so rapidly. (NMET2001 )

A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change

4. My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I _____half of it. (NMET2004)

A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed

5. Scientists think that the continents ______ always where they _____today. （北京05年）

A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were

我們可以從以上高考試題中明顯地感悟到，近幾年高考試題通過增加綜合性與語境化因素，考查動詞時態(tài)運用能力已成為試題的考查重點。

一般過去時的功用大致可分為以下四種：

1）表示主語過去的動作或處于過去某階段的狀態(tài)，He drank too much. （過去動作）She was very sad.（過去狀態(tài)）

2）表示過去某段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)�；蚍磸�(fù)發(fā)生的動作，He often came back home late.

3）表示過去某段時間內(nèi)連續(xù)發(fā)生的事或動作，There was a flood every year in the region.

4）在條件和時間狀語從句中表示過去將來要發(fā)生的動作，Although he was in poor health, he would not stop working.

使用一般過去時應(yīng)該注意三點：

1）跟隨一般過去時的常用副詞或時間狀語；

2）動詞過去式語用的準(zhǔn)確把握，切記過去時只是用來反映過去某階段所發(fā)生的事情，牽涉對目前的影響；

3）動詞過去式的正確拼寫。

將來時在初中一年級就已經(jīng)學(xué)到了。但是，一些非將來時形式表示的將來時間是動詞時態(tài)的難點。

非將來時形式表示的將來時間有以下幾方面：

1、一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來

1）The talk is about to begin. “be about to do”通常用于書面語中，表示最近即將發(fā)生的動作，不能和表示將來時間的狀語連用，但可與now連用。

2）I’m sure you’ll succeed if you work harder. 用于條件狀語從句中。

3）Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. 用于讓步狀語從句中

4）Tomorrow is Sunday.

I’m thirty in September.

一些表示日期、年齡等的名詞作表語時，用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。

5）I’ll give you anything you ask for。

One who comes will be welcome.

在限定性定語從句中，將來的動作應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。

2、一般過去時表將來

在一些間接引語或類似間接引語的句子中，雖然指的是將來的行動，但為了表明將來兩件事發(fā)生的先后的時間關(guān)系，可用過去時表示先發(fā)生的那一件事。

1）I wondered if you were free tonight.

I thought you would come to know him.

在口語中，表示“試探性”以示客氣和尊重時，要用過去時表示將來或現(xiàn)在的行動。

2) If I wrote to my brother tomorrow, he would receive the letter on Tuesday.

在if引導(dǎo)的非真實條件從句里，將來的動作必須用過去時的形式表示。

3、將來時的其他用法

1) President to Sign Bill (=President Is Going to Sign the Bill)

在報刊標(biāo)題中，介詞to常用來表示將來時。

2) Tell him to come early when you meet him.

在祈使句里，謂語動詞用的是現(xiàn)在時形式，但表示的卻是將來要發(fā)生的事情。

時態(tài)與寫作：

在敘事寫人的過程中，你如果能把握好文章的語言特點，準(zhǔn)確地使用好動詞的時態(tài)，才能使敘事的過程有層次感和立體感。例如以下考生描述自己所經(jīng)歷的一件事：

It was a Monday morning on July 7 when the final examinations came to an end, my mother suddenly decided to take me to Beijing for a trip. I was far more pleased than I expected. We went there by train and stayed in my uncle’s home. Those days we went to the Temple of Heaven, the Zoo of Beijing, the Summer Palace and the Forbidden City. Beijing is not only a city with a long history but also a very modernized one. We can see high buildings everywhere. Beijing’s traffic is very convenient. There are a lot of buses, taxis, minibuses, trolleybuses and subways. Now, various constructional projects are under construction for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. I think when the projects are finished, Beijing will be more beautiful!

該文以一種時態(tài)為主（過去時），多種時態(tài)為輔，正確、合理地使用了豐富的謂語動詞時態(tài)，體現(xiàn)了敘述文的語言特征。由于動詞時態(tài)運用的準(zhǔn)確，使文章有“動”感，這種讓往事再現(xiàn)的“動感”是優(yōu)秀敘述文所要追求的。

（二）非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞是漢語中沒有的語言現(xiàn)象。但是它在英語中的作用僅次于動詞時態(tài)。非謂語動詞的特點是，它在句中不作謂語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。然而它可以作其他各種成分，如主語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語、表語等。其難點是它的動詞特點；即可以有自己的賓語、狀語以及時態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式變化。因此，非謂語動詞是高中語法學(xué)習(xí)的難點和重點，是高分考生必須具備的語法知識基礎(chǔ)。非謂語動詞掌握的如何在高考中是可以拉開檔次的，是高考中的熱點和失分點。例如以下高考試題通過率非常低，但是對一本考生有很好的篩選作用：
1. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _____the next year.(NMET2000)

A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out

2. _____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (NMET2001)

A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered

3. The research is so designed that once_____ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET2002)

A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains_____ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002)

A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen

掌握非謂語動詞用法有以下幾方面的關(guān)鍵點：

1. 謂語還是非謂語

錯誤：Mary, coming here ? everybody else, stay where you are. (NMET2006)

正確：Mary, come here ? everybody else, stay where you are.

2. 主動還是被動

1) 錯誤：There have been several new events adding to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. (北京2006)

正確：There have been several new events added to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

2) 錯誤：When compared different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江)

正確：When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.

3) 錯誤：The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses paying vacation to China. (2005北京)

正確：The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses paid vacation to China.

4) 錯誤：You should understand the traffic rule by now. You have had it explaining often enough. (2005天津)

正確：You should understand the traffic rule by now. You have had it explained often enough.

3. 動作狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表明的動作之前

1) 錯誤：The manager, making it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting. (2005江西)

正確： The manager, having made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting

2) 錯誤：I remember to call him up this morning and he promised to come.

正確：I remember calling him up this morning and he promised to come.

4. 動作狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去還是將來

1) 錯誤：---Is Bob still performing?

---I’m afraid not. He is said to leave the stage already as he has become an official. (2005江蘇)

正確： ---Is Bob still performing?

---I’m afraid not. He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.

5. 搭配to do 還是doing

1) 錯誤：He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk to lose the good

opportunity. (2005上海)

正確：He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing the good

opportunity.

2) 錯誤：The room needs to clean.

正確：The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned.

3) 錯誤： He hurried to the station only finding that the train had left. (2005廣東)

正確：He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.

6. 是不定式的‘to’還是介詞 ‘to’

1) 錯誤：Isn’t it time you got down to mark the papers? （2006重慶）

正確：Isn’t it time you got down to marking the papers?

2) 錯誤：He is used to live in the north.

正確：He is used to living in the north.

3) 錯誤：He used to swimming in the small river.

正確：He used to swim in the small river.

7. 是 ‘-ed’形式還是 ‘-ing’形式

1) 錯誤：Surprising and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. （2006全國）

正確：Surprised and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.

2) 錯誤：A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left unsatisfying. (2006天津)

正確：A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left unsatisfied.

由于非謂語動詞在中學(xué)課本里出現(xiàn)的比較分散，很多考生往往缺乏比較完整系統(tǒng)的概念，特別是它們之間的區(qū)別。

易錯易混非謂語動詞的用法：

1、to do還是 doing:

to do 常表示具體的將要發(fā)生的動作或事情，側(cè)重動作，而doing往往表示概念性和習(xí)慣性的動作或事情，側(cè)重事情。

（1）remember to do 記住要做……(動作)

remember doing 記住做過……（事情）

（2）try to do 設(shè)法做……(動作)

try doing 嘗試……(事情)

（3）mean to do 想要/計劃/打算做……(動作)

mean doing 意味著……(事情)

2、doing 和having done

doing / having done 都表示主動，doing表示和謂語動作同時或幾乎同時或之后發(fā)生，having done側(cè)重動作發(fā)生在謂語之前；done /having been done 都表示被動，done表示和謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，having been done表示動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。

Waiting outside, she felt tired and worried.

The train leaves Beijing at six, arriving at Tianjin at seven.

Having done all his work, he went to bed.

Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (2006福建)

Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (2005湖北)

3、to do / to be doing / to have done / to have been doing

有了時態(tài)語態(tài)的基本概念，不定式各種形式的含義和作用就不難理解和使用。to do / to

be doing / to have done / to have been doing 都表示主動，to do往往表示將來，即在謂語動作之后發(fā)生，to be doing表示和謂語動作同時發(fā)生，to have done表示在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，to have been doing 表示一直持續(xù)到謂語動作；to be done / to have been done 都表示被動，前者表示將來，即在謂語動作之后發(fā)生，后者表示在謂語動作之前發(fā)生。

He is said to study abroad soon. 據(jù)說他很快要出國學(xué)習(xí)。

He is said to be studying abroad now. 據(jù)說他現(xiàn)在正在國外學(xué)習(xí)。

He is said to have studied abroad. 據(jù)說他留過洋。

He is said to have been studying abroad for years. 據(jù)說他在國外留學(xué)多年。

He is said to be given a prize. 據(jù)說要給他獎勵。

He is said to have been given a gold medal. 據(jù)說他已經(jīng)獲得金牌。

4、非謂語動詞作狀語

非謂語動詞作狀語時，不定式一般表示原因、目的或結(jié)果，但往往都是句型或搭配，而doing的用法比較多，可以表示伴隨、方式、時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步等等。

The question is too difficult to answer. (結(jié)果)

The boy is old enough to go to school. (結(jié)果)

I am glad to meet you. （原因）

He came early in order/ so as to sit in the first row. （目的）

In order to sit in the first row, he came early. = To sit in the first row, he came early. （目的）

He hurried home only to find his dad dead. (結(jié)果)

此外，有一些屬于搭配用法，需要一些強(qiáng)化記憶，經(jīng)常不用自然會淡忘�？梢钥偨Y(jié)一些規(guī)律性的東西。

1）有些動詞往往接doing作賓語。如：admit, avoid, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, risk, suggest, understand 等；

2）有些動詞搭配的to是介詞，后面還需接doing或名詞作賓語。如：be(get) used to, look forward to, devote to, object to, subject to, get down to，refer to, stick to等等；

3）有些是固定搭配。如：spend …(in) doing; hear/see/watch/feel/listen to/look at/observe … do/doing/done; find … doing/done; have … do/doing/done; get … to do/doing/done; leave… doing/ done; make/let … do; make oneself done;

4) 有些是固定句式。如：There is no need/doubt to do…; It’s no use/good doing…; It remains to be seen …; Sb/ Sth is said/reported/thought/believed to do…;

（一）動詞時態(tài)練習(xí)

一、單項填空

1. Don’t get off the bus until it ______.

A. has stopped B. stopped C. will stop D. stop

練習(xí)冊

高中

初中

小學(xué)