2009高考英語常用詞匯辨析

A

  about  around  round 作副詞時(shí)都含“四處”、“遍地”的意思。

  about 系常用詞, 如:

look about        四處看。

  around 具有 about 的基本意思, 因此 look about=look around, 但在下列短語里 around沒有 about正式, 如:

travel around        各處旅行

  round 和 around在非正式用法中可以互換, 但一般用 round時(shí)更簡練。在正式用語中, 一般用 round指“旋轉(zhuǎn)”, 而用 around指“處處”, “到處”, 如:

She turned round at such a noise.                聽到這樣的吵聲, 她回頭看。

I have been looking for it all around.        我到處都找過了。

  另外, 英國人用 round的地方, 美國人傾向于用 around, 如:

[英] Winter comes round.

[美] Winter comes around.

 

      above all;after all;at all

  above all意為“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”,常位于句首或句中,作插入語,起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。如:

But above all tell me quickly what I have to do.可首先快些告訴我該做什么。

A clock must above all keeps good time.時(shí)鐘最重要的是必須走得準(zhǔn)。

  after all意為“畢竟”、“終究”、“終歸”、“到底”,在句中位置較靈活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如:

After all,your birthday is only two weeks away.畢竟,兩周后就是你的生日。

He is,after all,a small child.他畢竟還是個(gè)小孩子。

He failed after all.他終于失敗了。

  at all用于否定句時(shí),意為“絲毫;根本”,用于疑問句時(shí)意為“究竟;到底”,用于條件句時(shí),常譯為“當(dāng)真;實(shí)在”。用于肯定句中,表示說話人的某種情緒或情感(如懷疑或驚奇等),意為“竟然”等。如:

He doesn’t like you at all.他根本不喜歡你。

Are you going to do it at all?你究竟做不做這件事?

If you do it at all,do it well.若你真要做這件事,就得做好。

I was surprised at his coming at all.他竟然來了,我很驚訝。

 

   add; add to; add…to; add up to

  add作“加,增加”解時(shí),既可作及物動詞,又可用作不及物動詞;作“又說,補(bǔ)充說”解時(shí),與直接或間接引語連用。如:

If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water. 如果茶太濃了,再加點(diǎn)開水。

After a short while, he added that he would try his best. 過了一會兒,他又接著說他會盡力。

  add to意為“增添,增加,增進(jìn)”。如:

The bad weather added to our difficulties. 惡劣的天氣增加了我們的困難。

  add...to意為“把……加到……”,是把前一項(xiàng)加到后一項(xiàng)之后或之中。如:

Add two to seven, and you will get nine.七加二等于九。

  add up to意為“加起來總共是/累計(jì)得”,該短語不用于被動語態(tài)。如:

All his school education added up to no more than one year. 他的學(xué)校教育加起來不過一年。

 

   affair; thing; matter; business

  affair意為“事情、事件”, 含義較廣,泛指已做或待做的事;復(fù)數(shù)affairs一般指商業(yè)事務(wù)及政府的日常事務(wù),如財(cái)政管理、外交事務(wù)等。

  thing意為“事情、事物”,不管大事小事、好事壞事均稱為thing,一般不能專指事務(wù);復(fù)數(shù)things還可作“形勢”解。

  matter側(cè)重指須留心的要事或問題、難題。

  business作“事務(wù)、事情”解時(shí),一般不能用復(fù)數(shù),常常指所指派的任務(wù)、責(zé)任;有時(shí)說的是指派的工作或商業(yè)上的買賣活動。

 

   a great deal; a great deal of

  a great deal用作名詞,意為“大量”,“許多”,作主語、賓語;用作副詞,意為“很”或“非常”,作狀語,修飾動詞或用來強(qiáng)調(diào)比較級。如:

A great deal has been studied and this is the best way. 經(jīng)過大量研究后,這(被認(rèn)為)是最好的辦法。

We are a great deal cleverer than before.                我們比以前聰明多了。

  a great deal of意為“大量的”,“非常多的”,相當(dāng)于much,作定語,后接不可數(shù)名詞。如:

A great deal of time/money/energy has been spent on the project.

大量的時(shí)間/金錢/能源花在那個(gè)工程上了。

 

agree on;agree to;agree with;agree that

  agree on作“就……取得一致意見”解。例如:

The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.

上月,就建一座新汽車廠之事達(dá)成了協(xié)議。

  agree to有兩層含義和用法:

     其一是to作為動詞不定式符號,其后跟動詞原形,作“同意(答應(yīng))做某事”解。

例如:  My father agreed to buy a new pen for me. 父親答應(yīng)給我買支新鋼筆。

     其二是to作為介詞,之后跟表示“計(jì)劃/條件/建議等一類的名詞或代詞”。例如:

They have a greed to our plan.         他們已同意我們的計(jì)劃。

  agree with作“同意某人的意見”解,其后可跟表示人的名詞或代詞,也可跟表示“意見”或“說的話”的名詞或從句。例如:

He agreed with my opinions. 他同意了我的意見。

We agreed with what he said at the meeting. 我們同意他在會上講的話。

  agree that作“認(rèn)為……”解,其后跟賓語從句。例如:

I agree that your composition is very good. 我認(rèn)為你的這篇作文寫得不錯。

 

   allow;let 二者均可作“允許”解,但各有側(cè)重:   allow重在“允許”或“容許”,也可表示客氣的請求。例如: He allowed me to take his dictionary.他允許我拿走他的詞典。 Will you allow me to use your bike? 我可以用你的自行車嗎?   let作“允許”或“讓”解,主要用于口語,一般可與allow互換。作“允許”解時(shí),常暗含“聽任”、“默許”之意;作“讓”解時(shí),常含“祈使”或“建議”之意。注意:let之后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to,且不可用于被動語態(tài),而allow則相反。例如: Please let me walk with you(=Please allow me to walk with you.).我(請?jiān)试S我)跟你一起走。注:allow常用于allow sb.to do sth.或allow doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中。

 

   although; though; as

三者均可表示“盡管;雖然”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。although用法較正式,語氣較強(qiáng);though較常用;as則主要用于倒裝句。它們的用法有如下幾點(diǎn)值得注意:

  狀語從句由although, though或as引導(dǎo),主句之前不可有but, and, so, however等并列連詞,但可有yet或still等副詞。although與though?苫Q。例如:

Although/Though he believes it, yet he will not act. 他雖然相信它,但卻不肯有所行動。

  as表示“盡管;雖然”,只能用于倒裝句,即:將表語、狀語或謂語動詞放在as之前。though也可這么用。例如:

Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. 他雖然年紀(jì)不大,卻懂得很多。

注意:如果表語是單數(shù)名詞,要省略a。例如:

Child as/though he is, he can speak two foreign languages. 雖然他是個(gè)孩子,但他會說兩門外語。

  though可以放在句末,表示“但是”,although卻不能。例如:

They said they would come; they did not, though. 他們說他們會來,可是他們并沒有來。

  although只用來陳述“事實(shí)”,不能表示“假設(shè)”。因此可以說even though“即使”以及as though“好像(=as if)”,不能說even although或as although。例如:

I believe you are on duty―even though you’re in plain clothes. 盡管你穿著便衣,我相信你是在值勤。

 

   among/between

這兩個(gè)介詞都有“在……之間”的意思。between常用于兩者之間;among一般指三者或三者以上之間。若指三個(gè)以上人或物中的每兩個(gè)之間時(shí),仍然要用between。

例如:The girl walked between her father and mother.這個(gè)女孩走在她父親和母親之間。

She is the tallest among her classmates.她在她同學(xué)之間是最高的。

Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany.

瑞士位于法國、意大利、奧地利和德國之間。

 

 argue  debate  dispute 都含“辯論”的意思。

        argue 著重“說理”、“論證”和“企圖說服”, 如:

I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to reason.

我和她辯論了好久, 但她還是不聽。

        debate 著重“雙方各述己見”, 內(nèi)含“交鋒”的意思, 如:

We have been debating about the issue.        我們一直在就這個(gè)問題進(jìn)行辯論。

        dispute 指“激烈爭辯”, 含有“相持不下”或“未得解決”之意,如:

Whether he will be elected as chairman is still disputed.                他是否當(dāng)選為主席, 仍然有爭論。

 

      argue;quarrel;discuss

這三個(gè)動詞均有“爭”的意思,但“爭”法不同。

  argue著重就自己的看法或觀點(diǎn),提出論證,同他人“爭論”或“辯論”。例如:

We heard them arguing in the other room.我們聽見他們在另一個(gè)房間里爭論。

另外,argue同with搭配,其后接人;與about連用,其后接事物。例如:

We argued with them about this problem for a long time.這個(gè)問題我們同他們辯論了很長時(shí)間。

  quarrel是指對某事不喜歡或強(qiáng)烈不滿而發(fā)生的“爭吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配,其后接某人;和about連用,其后接某事。例如:

He often quarrels about their housework with his wife.他常為家務(wù)事同妻子爭吵。

  discuss是指認(rèn)真交換自己的意見或看法的“討論”。例如:

We'll discuss the use of the articles tomorrow.明天我們將討論冠詞的用法。

 

   as (so) far as; as (so) long as

  as(so)far as的意思是“就……而言(所知)”,as (so) far as sth.is concerned是其中一種具體用法,意為“就某事而言”;as (so) long as意為“只要”,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。如:

As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs.

就我所知,一千多萬下崗工人已經(jīng)找到了新的工作。

There is nothing that we can’t do so / as long as we keep on trying to do it.

只要我們不斷地努力去做,就沒有什么事干不成。

As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go.

就中國的旅游業(yè)而言,需要做的工作還很多。

 

   asleep/sleeping 二者都是形容詞。asleep僅用作表語,不能作定語,表示“睡著,熟睡”的意思;而sleeping一般只能用作定語,放在名詞前,表示“睡眠中的,休止的”意思。

如:我們不能說:an asleep baby,但可以說:a sleeping baby(一個(gè)熟睡的嬰兒)。

再如:He was asleep with his head on his arms.他頭枕著手臂在熟睡。

asleeping dog正在熟睡的狗         sleeping car臥車                 sleeping bag睡袋

 

      assert,affirm,maintain   assert宣稱、斷言,常指某人主觀自信,堅(jiān)持己見,有時(shí)不顧客觀事實(shí)而斷言下結(jié)論。  affirm指以事實(shí)為依據(jù),深信不疑地肯定某種觀點(diǎn)或看法。  maintain指在相反的證據(jù)或論點(diǎn)面前,重申原來的某種觀點(diǎn)、立場。

A.Despite all the policeman’s questions the suspect ___ that he had been at home all evening.

B.It is nonsense to ___ that smoking does not damage people’s health.

C.Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always ___ his innocence.

Answers:A.affirmed       B.assert         C.maintained

 

      as though;even though;though

  as though(=as if),意為“好像;似乎”,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句或表語從句。如:

He spoke as though(as if)he had been here before.他說話的口氣好像他以前來過這里。

It looks as if(as though)it is going to rain.看起來好像要下雨。

  even though(=even if),意為“即使”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。though也引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意為“雖然”;even though有退一步設(shè)想的意味,與though不同。though引導(dǎo)的句子所說的是事實(shí),even though引導(dǎo)的句子所說的則不一定是事實(shí)。例如:

He will not tell the secret even though(even if)he knows it.即使他知道這個(gè)秘密,他也不肯說出來。

He will not tell the secret though he knows it.他雖然知道這個(gè)秘密,但他不會說出來。

 

   at the beginning;in the beginning   at the beginning 在……初;在……開始的時(shí)候。常與of連用。例如: Students usually have a study plan at the beginning of term. 學(xué)生們在開學(xué)初制定學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。   in the beginning 相當(dāng)于at first,表示“起初、開始”時(shí),含“起初是這種情況,而后來卻不是這種情況”之意,不與of連用。例如: In the beginning,some of us took no interest in physics. 起初我們有些人對物理不感興趣。

 

       attack  assail  assault  charge  beset

  都含有"攻擊"的意思。

  attack 是常用詞, 指"攻擊敵人"或"用言論攻擊他人", 如:

Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.        德國在1941年開始進(jìn)攻蘇聯(lián)。

  assail 指"猛烈連續(xù)地攻擊", 如:

The enemy plane assailed our defence position.        敵機(jī)不斷猛烈地攻擊我們的陣地。

  assault 語氣比 assail強(qiáng), 指"突然猛烈地進(jìn)攻", 暗示"武力的直接接觸" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思, 如:The enemy assaulted us at dawn.        敵人在黎明時(shí)向我進(jìn)攻。

  charge 指"沖擊"或"騎兵的突然攻擊", 如:

The cavalry charged to the front.                騎兵猛烈向前線沖擊。

  beset 指"圍攻", 即從各個(gè)方向攻擊, 如:

In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes.        在沼澤地里, 我們受到蚊子的圍攻。

 

   at the age of/by the age of          at the age of表示“在……歲時(shí)”,后面接基數(shù)詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)某一時(shí)刻的情況或動作,用于一般過去時(shí),作時(shí)間狀語。例如:

At the age of six,he began to learn English.他六歲的時(shí)候開始學(xué)英語。

She learned to play the piano at the age often.她十歲的時(shí)候?qū)W彈鋼琴。

  by the age of表示“到……歲的時(shí)候”、“在……歲以前”,后面接基數(shù)詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)到某一時(shí)刻為止的結(jié)果,用于過去完成時(shí)或?qū)硗瓿蓵r(shí),作時(shí)間狀語。例如:

By the age of sixteen,he had learned to drive a car.到十六歲的時(shí)候,他已經(jīng)學(xué)會了開小汽車。

You will have learned more than 2000 English words by the age of fourteen.

到你十四歲的時(shí)候,你將學(xué)會2000多個(gè)英語單詞。

 

       at the time; at that time; at one time; at a time

  at the time通常用于過去時(shí)句子中,指某件事情發(fā)生的“當(dāng)時(shí)”、“那時(shí)”。例如:

Many people saw the strange thing happen at the time. 當(dāng)時(shí),許多人都看到了這件奇怪的事情的發(fā)生。

  有時(shí),at the time的后面可接“of...”短語。這時(shí),它表示“在(某事態(tài))發(fā)生的時(shí)候”或“在……的時(shí)代”。例如:

Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989?

1989年舊金山發(fā)生地震時(shí),你在那里嗎?

It happened at the time of King Alfred. 事情發(fā)生在阿爾弗雷德國王時(shí)期。

  at that time 則通常指前文明確提到的某個(gè)時(shí)期、時(shí)候。通常其后不帶“of...”短語。例如:

In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and Sichuan.At that time

(=At the 17th century) the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded.

  at one time=during a period of time in the past意為“過去有一段時(shí)期”,“曾經(jīng)”。例如:

They used to be good friends at one time. 他們曾經(jīng)是好朋友。

  at a time則意為“一次”,表示一個(gè)時(shí)間單位。它常與表示數(shù)量的詞語連用,表示頻率。例如:

Don’t speak all at once.One at a time, please. 不要同時(shí)一起說。一次只一個(gè)人說。

Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time.                這些藥每天服三次,每次服三粒。

 

   at ... speed / with ... speed

  at the speed of或者at ... speed,意為“以……的速度”。而當(dāng)speed被all, lightning, great等修飾時(shí),介詞應(yīng)用with。我們可用一句口訣來幫助記憶:都(all)以閃電般(lightning)大(great)的速度行駛。如:

Our car was running with all speed on the expressway. 我們的車在高速公路上全速行駛。

The Long March No.2 Rocket sent up the satellite into space at the speed of 11.2 kilometers per second.         長征二號火箭以每秒鐘11.2公里的速度將衛(wèi)星發(fā)射到太空。

 

B

    這四個(gè)詞都是表示原因或理由的連接詞,但是as,because,since是從屬連詞,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,for是并列連詞,所引導(dǎo)的不是原因狀語從句,而是表示理由的對等句子,是對前面所講內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充和說明。在語氣上由強(qiáng)至弱依次為because→since→as→for。because引導(dǎo)的從句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示產(chǎn)生那種結(jié)果的必然的因果關(guān)系,在回答why的提問時(shí),必須用because作答。 because/since/as/for

如:We stayed at home because it rained.因?yàn)橄掠晡覀兇粼诩依铩?

  as與since引導(dǎo)的從句多置于句首,不過as表示十分明顯的原因,只說明一般的因果關(guān)系,可譯為“因?yàn)、由于”;而since則表示稍加分析、對方已知的原因,一般可譯為“既然”。如:

As he was not feeling well,I decided to go there alone.由于他身體欠佳,我決定獨(dú)自去那里。

Since everyone is here,let's start.既然大家都到了,咱們就開始吧。

  for引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句末,其前用逗號,它所敘述的理由是間接的,即推測性理由,或是對前面敘述的事實(shí)或看法的補(bǔ)充說明。如:

There must be nobody in the classroom,for the light is off.

教室里一定沒有人,因?yàn)闊魷缌恕#ㄍ茰y性理由)

 

      believe;believe in

  believe作及物動詞時(shí),其后可跟名詞,表示“相信”;后接從句或復(fù)合賓語時(shí),表示“認(rèn)為;料想;相信”等。如:

I believe what he says.我相信他的話。

I believe that he will succeed.我相信他會成功的。

  believe in 是一個(gè)動介型短語動詞,表示“信奉;信仰”(指對某種思想、主張、觀念、行動具有信心)和“信任(have trust in)”。如:

They believe in God.他們信仰上帝。

I believe in having plenty of exercise.我相信多鍛煉有好處。

  believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名詞或代詞,但含義不同。試比較:

I believe in him(I think he is a frustworthy man).我信任他。

I believe him.(I believe what he says).我相信他的話。

 

      belief  faith  trust  confidence 都含有“相信”的意思。

  belief 指“承認(rèn)某事是真的, 盡管有或沒有確鑿的證據(jù)”, 如:

belief in ghosts.        相信有鬼。

  faith 指“認(rèn)為有確鑿證據(jù)或道理而完全相信”, 如:

I have faith in his ability to succeed.        我相信他有成功的能力。

  trust 指“信賴”、“信任”, 含有“堅(jiān)定的信念”的意思, 如:

enjoy the trust of the people           得到人民的信任。

  confidence 指“在有證據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如:

She has great confidence in her success.        她對自己的成功充滿信心。

 

      besides;except;but

  三者都可以用作介詞。用于肯定句中時(shí),except/but意為“除……外(不再有)”;besides意為“除……外(還有)”。請比較:

All of them have seen the film except/but Wu Dong. 除了吳東外,他們都看過了那部影片。

All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong. 除了吳東看過那部影片外,他們也都看過了。

  except后接名詞、代詞、-ing或不定式時(shí),可以與but互換;except后接副詞、介詞短語時(shí),一般不能為but所替換。如:

I’ll do everything except/but cook. 除了做飯,我什么事情都干。

This window is never opened except in summer. 除了在夏天,這個(gè)窗子從不打開。

  用在否定句中,三者可以互換。如:

There aren’t any other people to do the work except/but/besides you.

除了你,沒人能做這工作。

 

    be     be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”,其中to是不定式符號,后面接動詞原形;

  be anxious for表示“渴望”,后面接名詞或代詞時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事;后面接sb.to do sth.時(shí),表示“渴望某人能做某事”,其中for sb.to do sth.是不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

  be anxious  be anxious about 表示“對…感到不安”、“為…擔(dān)心”、“為…憂慮”; that表示“渴望”,后面接從句,that從句的謂語動詞須用虛擬語氣;

[EXERCISES]

①I ____ the result of the examination.

②We ____ know the result of the examination.

③We ____ Mr Liu to help us with our English.

④Mr Li ____ a new car.

⑤They ____ arrive home before dark.

(Key: ①am anxious about/for   ②are anxious to   ③are anxious for  ④is anxious for ⑤are anxious to)

1) The girl ____ a new dictionary. 2) All the students ____ their results of this examination. 3) Everyone _____ know their results of the competition. 4) We ____ Mr Zhao to return. 5) We _____ she should do her best.

Key: 1) was/is anxious for   2) are anxious about   3) is anxious to  4)are anxious for

5) are anxious that

 

      be known as; be known for; be known to;  be known in

  be known as 意為“作為……而著名”,其后的名詞表示一個(gè)人的身份、職業(yè)等。如:

Liu Huan is known as a singer.劉歡作為一個(gè)歌手而出名。

We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an artist.我們相信你會成為一位著名的畫家。

  be known for 意為“因……而著名”,其后所接內(nèi)容表示某人或物的特點(diǎn)、特長等。如:

Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers.桂林因其美麗的山水而聞名。

Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day.

蓋爾多夫先生因在同一天組織兩場大型的流行音樂會而出名。

  be known to “為……所了解/知道”,其后接表示人的詞語!埃ㄈ藗兌迹┲馈,其后接動詞原形。如:

He is known to all in our village.村子里的人都了解他。

He was known to have invented many things.=It was known that he had invented many things.

人們都知道他已經(jīng)發(fā)明了很多東西。

  be known in 意為“在某地很著名”。如:

He is well-known in the town where he was born. 他在自己出生的那個(gè)鎮(zhèn)子上很出名。

 

   be made of/be made in/be made from/be made by/be   be made  be made of表示“由……制成”,指從原料到制成品,只發(fā)生了形狀變化,沒有發(fā)生本質(zhì)變化(屬物理變化)。 made up of    be madein當(dāng)后面接時(shí)間的數(shù)詞或名詞時(shí),表示“某物何時(shí)制造的或何時(shí)產(chǎn)的”。當(dāng)后面接指地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí),表示“某地產(chǎn)某物”。    be madefrom表示“由……制成”,指從原料到制成品,發(fā)生了質(zhì)的變化,已無法復(fù)原(屬化學(xué)變化)。    be made upby表示“由……制做”,后面接指人的名詞或代詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者。  of表示“由……構(gòu)成(組成)”,強(qiáng)調(diào)主語由兩部分或兩個(gè)以上的部分構(gòu)成或組成。

【練習(xí)】用be made in,be made of,be made from,be made by或be made up of填空。 ①This bike          Tianjin.      ②This table           wood.      ③The car

             1999. ④Paper          wood.     ⑤The kite          my mother.        ⑥The team            ten members.

【Keys】was made in; is made of ;was made in    be used for/be used as/be used by;is made from;was made by;is made up of   be used  be used for表示“被用作……”或“被用來作……”,后面接名詞或v-ing,其中for表示目的。    be usedas表示“作為……而用”或“用作……”,后面接名詞或動詞不定式,強(qiáng)調(diào)使用的工具及手段。  by表示“由……使用”,后面接指人的名詞或代詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)使用者。

 【練習(xí)】用be used for,be used as或be used by填空。 ①A telephone              better communication(交流). ②The motorbike              Liu Ming. ③A ruler             often               a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open.

【Keys】is used for;is used by;is,used as

 

       be pleased with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to

1) The manager ___ you before.

2) My boss must ___ see you again in HongKong.

3) I ___ seeing so many students present.

4) I hear Mr Zhao ___ your article.

析: ①was pleased with。表示“對……滿意;喜歡……”后面通常接指人的名詞或代詞。 ②be pleased to。表示“很高興或很樂意做某事”,其中to是不定式符號,后面接動詞原形。 ③am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at(或about)表示“對(看到或聽到的)事感到高興,”后面接指事的名詞或v-ing。  ④is pleased at(或about)。解析同③。

 

      be to do sth;be about to do sth;be going to do sth.

  be to do sth.表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的動作,后可跟時(shí)間狀語。如:

You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.十點(diǎn)鐘以前你得交上試卷。

   be about to do sth.表示打算或安排即將發(fā)生的動作,它通常不與時(shí)間狀語連用。如:

I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.我正要出去,這時(shí)有人敲門。

  be going to do sth.有三層含義:

①表示打算、計(jì)劃或決定要做某事。如:

We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year. 今年我們打算到威爾士度假。

②用以表示某事物即將發(fā)生或很可能發(fā)生。如:

I'm going to be twenty next month. 下個(gè)月我就二十歲了。

③有跡象表明即將發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。如:

Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm. 瞧那些烏云,暴風(fēng)雨就要來了。

 

   beat; strike; hit

  strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”,不一定都是有意的;還有“打動、使……著迷、某種想法突然閃現(xiàn)在腦海里”的含義;也可指“打、擦出(火),(蛇、獸)抓,咬,或(鐘)敲響”。

  hit指“打中”或“對準(zhǔn)……來打”,“敲打或打擊對方的某一點(diǎn)”。

  beat著重“連續(xù)地打擊”。如:毆打或體罰;也指在游戲、競賽或戰(zhàn)爭中擊敗對方;也指“心跳”。

 

      blame; scold

blame“責(zé)備;責(zé)怪”,指某人應(yīng)對自己不好的行為負(fù)責(zé)(常與for連用),或?qū)⒛臣缓玫氖虑闅w咎于他人(常與on或upon連用),往往含有把自己當(dāng)作評判人來評判某事,沒有用言語來進(jìn)行責(zé)罵的意思。例如:

He blamed Tom for the failure.                他責(zé)怪湯姆造成了失敗。

Don't blame it on him, but on me.        別怪他,該怪我。

  scold“責(zé)罵”,指嘮嘮叨叨地?cái)?shù)說某人,多用于上級對下級、長輩對晚輩的“責(zé)罵”。例如:

Don't scold the child.It's not his fault. 不要責(zé)罵那孩子,這不是他的過失。

I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at night.

我不喜歡斥責(zé),孩子,可你不該呆在外面那么晚不回家。

 

    blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”;blow blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over  in表示“吹進(jìn)”、“吹入”;blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“發(fā)泄”;blow over表示“?暴風(fēng)雨?吹散”、“過去”、“結(jié)束”。

[EXERCISES]

1) The high winds yesterday _____ thousands of trees. 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon _____. 3) I had my hat ____ by the wind. 4) A lot of dust ____.You must clear it away. Key: 1) blew down  2) blew over  3) blown off   4) has blown in

 

      break up; break down; break out; break into; break in; break away; break through

  break up表示“打碎”、“變壞”、“分解”、“終止”、“破裂”。

  break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失敗”、“出故障”、“破壞”、“拆毀”。

  break out表示“爆發(fā)”、“突然發(fā)生”。

  break into表示“強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入”、“闖入”、“破門而入”、“打斷(談話、討論)”、“突然……起來”。

  break in表示“闖入”、“打斷”、“插嘴”,其中in是副詞。

  break away表示“脫逃”、“脫離”、“突然離開”、“革除”、“戒除”,常與from連用。

  break through表示“戰(zhàn)勝”、“突圍”、“穿過……而出現(xiàn)”、“突破”。

[練]

①He said his computer _____.

②Those old cars will be ____ for scrap(廢鐵).

③Last night somebody ____ Mr Brown's house and took away many things.

④A fire ____ after we had gone home.

⑤The boy often ____ while his parents are speaking.

⑥You must ____ from bad habits.

⑦After the heavy rain the sun ____ the clouds.

⑧A thief ____ and stole a lot of things last night.

⑨Tom ____the motor bike which he bought five years ago.

⑩The ice began to ____ on the river.

(Key:①had broken down   ②broken up   ③broke into   ④broke out   ⑤breaks in 

⑥break away   ⑦broke through   ⑧broke in   ⑨broke down   ⑩break up)

 

      bring on;bring in;bring out

  bring on 使發(fā)生;引起;端上(飯菜)。如:

Tom often brings on meals and his brother,Jim picks up the dishes after meals.

湯姆常常端上飯菜,(而)他弟弟吉姆飯后收拾碗碟。

The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again. 天氣突然變冷,使他再次感冒。

  bring in 引來;引進(jìn);吸收。如:

His new business brings in 1,000 dollars. 他的新生意使他賺了一千美元。

We also brought in some words from English. 我們也從英語中吸收了一些詞匯。

  bring out 取出;說出;闡明;出版。如:

He brought out his gun and pointed at me.他掏出槍來指著我。

Bring out the meaning more clearly.請把意思講清楚些。

They have brought out a set of children’s books.他們出版了一套兒童讀物。

 

    bring bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in    bring  bring back表示“使回想起”、“歸還”、“帶回來”;down表示“使倒下”、“減少”、“降低(價(jià)格、溫度)”;   bring in表示“把......引進(jìn)來”、“賺入”、“獲利”、“把......拿進(jìn)來”、“吸收”。up表示“嘔吐出”、“養(yǎng)育”;

[EXERCISES]

1) Her singing _____ memories of my mother. 2) They also ____ some words from their own languages. 3) The wind ____ a number of trees. 4) He _____ all he had eaten. 5) Can you try to get them to ____ the price? 6) All library books must be ____ before June 25. 7) Mr White ____ $500 a week. 8) You must manage to _____ the temperature. Key: 1) brings back    2) brought in      3) brought down      4) brought up      5) bring down     6) brought back    7) is bringing in    8) bring down  

 

   broad; wide

  兩者都表示兩邊或兩點(diǎn)之間的距離都有“寬的”之意, 但broad著重某物覆蓋面的范圍 (如肩、背、胸等的寬),還可表示“寬宏大量”;wide著重指邊沿間相隔的距離以及“廣泛”之意。如:

Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide open.

看著那個(gè)新型相機(jī),那個(gè)肩寬背闊的年輕人驚奇得張大了嘴巴。

He’s a broad-minded person; he’ll never be disappointed by such a small failure.

他是個(gè)心胸寬廣的人;決不會因?yàn)槟敲匆淮涡⌒〉氖《械绞?/p>

 

       這兩個(gè)連詞都有“但是,可是,然而”之意。but連接兩個(gè)分句或有關(guān)部分,表示轉(zhuǎn)折或邏輯上的對比關(guān)系,使用最廣,口語中更為常見。如: but/however

We love peace but we are not afraid of war.我們熱愛和平,但我們并不害怕戰(zhàn)爭。

  however轉(zhuǎn)折意味比but弱,連接的兩個(gè)分句或有關(guān)部分的關(guān)系較為松弛,后一部分常起附帶說明或襯托作用。however常以插入語形式出現(xiàn)在句子中間,前后用逗號隔開,也可置于句首或句末。如:

Later,however,he decided to go.可是后來他決定去了。

 

      by oneself;oneself

  by oneself=alone,without help。強(qiáng)調(diào)“在無他人或他物的情況下”或“無幫助的情況下”;

  oneself作同位語,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)本人。

試比較:

If you come to my house,I’ll cook for you myself.

如果你來我家,我將親自下廚。(強(qiáng)調(diào)親手為你做飯)

Can you cook by yourself now?                 你現(xiàn)在能單獨(dú)做飯了嗎?(強(qiáng)調(diào)無他人協(xié)作)

 

      by sea;by the sea

  by sea意為“走海路;坐輪船”,其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式,by與名詞間不可用冠詞;by the sea意為“在海邊”,其中by表示“在……旁邊”,by與后面的名詞間常有冠詞修飾。如:

They will go to America by sea. 他們將坐輪船去美國。

There is a small village by the sea.海邊有個(gè)小村莊。

請比較下面類似有這樣區(qū)別的短語:

by ship  乘船                         by a ship  在一艘輪船旁邊

by land  從陸路                         by the land  在岸邊(在陸地旁邊)

by taxi  乘出租車                         by the taxi  在出租車旁邊

by road  從陸路                         by the road  在路邊

 

D

   daily; everyday; every day   daily用作名詞意為“日報(bào)”    如:China   everyday意為“每日的、日常的”,在句中作定語。everydayDaily《中國日報(bào)》用作形容詞,意同everyday;用作副詞意同everyday。   everyEnglish=daily English日常英語;everyday life=daily life日常生活。  day(分開寫)意為“每天”,在句中作狀語。如: He comes here every day.=He comes here daily.他每天來這兒。

 

      damage; destroy; ruin

這三個(gè)詞都有“破壞;損壞”的意思,區(qū)別如下:

  damage意為“損壞、破壞”。它可用于表示損壞或破壞具體的物品,一般暗示損壞后價(jià)值或效益會降低,這種損壞是部分性的,通常指損壞的程度不那么嚴(yán)重,還可以修復(fù)再用。也可用于表示損壞抽象的東西,有時(shí)該詞也用于借喻。如:

The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurt.

汽車在事故中損壞不嚴(yán)重,但卻有五個(gè)人受了重傷。

Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness.長期生病使她的心臟受到輕度損傷。

What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries.

他們的言行損害了這兩個(gè)國家之間的關(guān)系。

Smoking has damaged his health badly.        吸煙嚴(yán)重地?fù)p害了他的健康。

  damage還可用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如:

The earthquake did a lot of damages to the city.這場地震給這座城市帶來了巨大的破壞。

  destroy意為“破壞;摧毀;消滅;毀滅”,通常指程度非常嚴(yán)重的“毀壞”,一般情況下不可以修復(fù)再用。另外,它既可表示毀壞具體的物品,也可表示毀壞抽象的東西。如:

The big fire destroyed the whole house. 這場大火把整座房子都燒毀了。

The Nazi wanted to destroy people's hopes, but in the end what was destroyed was the Nazi's dream by the power of people.                納粹想摧毀人民的希望,最終是納粹的夢想被人民的力量所摧毀。

  ruin多用于借喻之中,有時(shí)泛指一般性的破壞,指把某物損壞到了不能再使用的程度。如:

My new coat is ruined.我的外套不能再穿了。

The rain will ruin the crops.這雨會把莊稼毀掉的。

I was ruined by that law case; I'm a ruined man?我被那場官司毀了,我破產(chǎn)了。

 

   damp  wet  dank  moist  humid 都含"潮濕的"意思。

  damp指"輕度潮濕, 使人感覺不舒服的", 如:

I don't like damp weather.        我不喜歡潮濕的天氣。

  wet 指"含水分或其他液體的"、"濕的", 如:

be wet to the skin        渾身濕透。

  dank 指"陰濕的", 如:

a dark dank and chilly cave        一個(gè)既黑暗又潮濕、又陰冷的洞。

  moist指"微濕的"、"濕潤的", 常含"不十分干, 此濕度是令人愉快的"意思, 如:

Grasses were moist with dew.                草被露水潤濕了。

  humid為正式用語, 常表示"空氣中濕度大的", 如:

In the east, the air is humid in summer.                在東方, 夏季空氣潮濕。

      day by day; day after day

  day by day意為“一天一天地”,“逐日”,表示事情的逐漸變化過程。該短語只能作狀語。如:

It's getting colder day by day.天氣一天天冷了起來。

The boy is getting better day by day.那孩子一天天好了起來。

  day after day意為“日復(fù)一日”、“一天又一天”,表示一個(gè)重復(fù)(周而復(fù)始或循環(huán)重復(fù))的動作或事件。該短語可作主語和狀語。如:

Day after day went by, and still no message arrived.日子一天天過去,仍然杳無音訊。

I have to do the work day after day.我得天天做這項(xiàng)工作。

 

       deal with; do with; get rid of

  get rid of表示“處理”,側(cè)重“消滅;擺脫或清除”;deal with和do with側(cè)重“處理”的手段、方法或方式。do的后面可接賓語,deal的后面不接賓語;do with常與what連用,deal with常與how連用。

 

[練]

①If they are not coming, we can ___ the tickets.

②How did they ____ matters of this sort?

③What did you ____ the broken car?

④Mr Zhang wrote a book ____ life in England.

⑤We should ____ the weeds in the fields.

(Key: ①get rid of   ②deal with   ③do with   ④dealing with   ⑤get rid of)

 

  demonstrate       demonstrate,illustrate  證明,論證,以科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度,通過推理、辯論或提供證據(jù)來證明事物的正謬。illustrate 指用實(shí)物、圖片等進(jìn)行說明,illustrate后常用介詞by,with。

A.The lecturer ____ his point with a diagram ont heblackboard.

B.To ____ his arguments,he showed us a lot of facts.

C.These figures clearly ___ the size of the economic problem facing the country.

Answers:A.illustrated    B.demonstrate    C.demonstrate

 

   discover;invent;find;find out

  invent意為“發(fā)明”,指通過勞動運(yùn)用聰明才智“發(fā)明/創(chuàng)造”出以前從未存在過的新事物。

  Who invented the telephone? 是誰發(fā)明電話的?

        He invented a new teaching method.他發(fā)明了一種新的教學(xué)方法。

  find意為“找到、發(fā)現(xiàn)”,指找到或發(fā)現(xiàn)自己所需要的東西或丟失的東西,著重指找到的結(jié)果。

  We've found oil under the South Sea.我們已在南海發(fā)現(xiàn)了石油。

        They finally found a way. 他們終于找到了辦法。

  discover意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”, 表示“偶然”或“經(jīng)過努力”發(fā)現(xiàn)客觀存在的事物、真理或錯誤,即指發(fā)現(xiàn)原來客觀存在但不為人所知的事物,也可表示發(fā)現(xiàn)已為人所知的事物的新的性質(zhì)或用途。

  Columbus discovered America in1492.   哥倫布1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。

        We soon discovered the truth. 我們很快就弄清了真相。

  find out指經(jīng)過研究或詢問查明某事或真相。

 

[EXERCISES]

1.Edison ____ the electric lamp.

2.I lost my necklace last night.I haven’t ____ it.

3.Who ____ America first?

4.Can you ____ what time the train leaves?

ANSWER: 1.invented  2.found  3.discovered  4.find out

 

    都含“丟人”、“恥辱”的意思。 disgrace  dishonor  shame  infamy  scandal 

  disgrace 指“失去別人的尊敬”、“因自己或別人的行為所產(chǎn)生的恥辱感”, 如:

He was in disgrace after his ungentlemanly behavior.        他因?yàn)樾袨椴粰z而為人所不齒。

  dishonor指“因自己的言行而喪失自尊或玷辱名譽(yù)”, 如:

His desertion to the enemy was a dishonor to his family.        他的投敵行為對他的家庭是恥辱。

  shame指“由于失去自尊心而感到羞愧或羞恥”, 如

I think it a shame to be so wasteful. 我認(rèn)為那樣浪費(fèi)太可恥了。infamy指“聲名狼藉”、“臭名昭著”, 如:

His name will live in infamy.                他的名字將遺臭萬年。

  scandal指“引起公憤的行為”、“丑事”, 如

Iran Scandal 伊朗丑聞(指美國向伊朗出售武器的秘密被揭露后, 所引起的批評)。

 

E

      ever before;ever since;ever after

  ever since意為“從……之后一直”,其中的since既可作副詞,也可作連詞,該短語與完成時(shí)連用。有時(shí)ever可以省略。

  ever before意為“比以往任何時(shí)候”,其中的before為副詞,常與比較級連用并放在than之后。ever用來加強(qiáng)before的語氣,before有時(shí)可以省略。

  ever after意為“從那以后”,其中的after可作連詞,也可作副詞,該短語常與過去時(shí)連用。

 

[EXERCISES]

1.He went to Tibet in 1969 and has lived there ____.

2.The flowers grow more beautiful than ____.

3.The couple lived a hard life ____.

ANSWER: 1.ever since  2.ever before  3.ever after

 

   except/but   二者意思均為:除……之外。except強(qiáng)調(diào)所除外的人(或事物);而but則將重點(diǎn)置于其他人(或事物)。

如:We all passed the exam except Tom.除了湯姆沒及格外,我們都及格了。(湯姆一人不及格)

Nobody knew her name but me.除我以外,沒有人知道他的名字。(強(qiáng)調(diào)除“我”知道外,其他人都不知道)

  except前常有all,any,every,no及其復(fù)合詞等;but也常與no,nobody,nothing,all,anywhere等詞連用。二者后都可接名詞、代詞、動詞的ing形式和原形動詞,可以互換;但except后還可跟副詞、介詞短語等,此時(shí),不能用but來代替。

如:He answered all the questions except/but the last one.除最后一個(gè)問題沒答外,其余問題他都答了。

He has always been in high spirits except recently.除近來外,他總是精神飽滿。(except后跟副詞)

The window is never opened except in summer.除夏季外,這扇窗戶從來不開。(except后跟介詞短語)

  except,but用于否定句時(shí),可以互換。

如:There aren't any other people to be considered except/but you.除你之外,其他人將不予考慮。

 

G

      gather round; gather in; gather up; gather from

  gather round表示“聚集在……周圍”、“聚集在一起”。

  gather in表示“收獲?莊稼?”。

  gather up表示“收拾起來”、“抱起來”。

  gather from表示“從……推測”、“從……推想”,后面與that-clause連用。

[練]

①I ____ her letter that she is very happy now.

②The students in our class ____ Mr Wang.

③You'd better ____ your books and put them away.

④The farmers ____ the wheat now.

⑤All the workers ____ him and asked him what was wrong with him at all.?

(Key: ①gather from  ②gathered round  ③gather up  ④are gathering in  ⑤gathered round)

   get away (from); run away (from);escape (from);flee   get away from及run away  escape指安全地“逃走或跑掉”,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果;(from)這幾個(gè)詞均可表示“逃”,但含義有別:   flee強(qiáng)調(diào)“逃”這一動作急促或迅速,不強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。選用時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的含義來定。如:from表示“逃”的動作或行為,含有動作快速而敏捷之意,多用于口語中; The bird has escaped from the cage.那只鳥逃出鳥籠了。 He ran away/got away/escaped from the fire.他從火災(zāi)中逃出來了。 He fled (from) the burning house.他從燃燒的房子中逃出。   另外,表示“從某處抽身”,一般用get away from。如: I’m afraid she can’t get away from the   give   give up; give in; give out meeting. 我恐怕她很難從會議中抽身。     giveup指行為或努力受挫或別的原因而主動放棄,可用作及物動詞,跟名詞或v-ing作賓語;也可作不及物動詞;   give out意為“用完;耗盡;體力不支”,是不及物動詞。例如:in指不再堅(jiān)持自己的行為或觀點(diǎn)等,而按別人的要求去做,一般作不及物動詞;

①The wind was strong and the waves were big,so he had to give up attempting/his attempt to swim the channel.風(fēng)急浪高,他只好放棄橫渡海峽的打算。

②All the girls finished the race except two who gave up half way.

除有兩個(gè)中途放棄外,?其它所有的姑娘都跑完了比賽的全程。

③As neither of the two sides would give in,the agreement fell through.

由于雙方都不肯讓步,所以沒能達(dá)成協(xié)議。

④After a long journey,my strength gave out and couldn’t walk any farther.

走了很長的路,我已筋疲力盡,再也走不動了。

       glance; stare; glare

  這組動詞都與“看”有關(guān)。glance意為“匆匆一瞥”,是不及物動詞,其后必須接介詞at, over等才可以接賓語。如:

1) He glanced at his watch.他匆匆看了一下手表。

2) She glanced down the list of names.  她由上而下匆匆地看了一下名單。

  stare意為“凝視”,它也是一個(gè)不及物動詞,其后通常接介詞at才能接賓語。如:

She stared at him in surprise.她驚訝地瞪著他看。

He was staring out to the sea.  他凝目眺望大海。

  glare意為“怒視;瞪眼”,也是不及物動詞,其后要接介詞at后才能接賓語。如:

They stood glaring at each other.他們互相怒目而視地站著。

 

   go on to do sth;go on doing sth.;go on with sth.   go  go on to do sth.表示“接著做另一件事”,即接下去做與原來不同的一件事;這三個(gè)短語都有繼續(xù)做某事的意思,但在含義上有所不同。    go on withon doing sth…表示“繼續(xù)不停地做某事或間斷后繼續(xù)做原來沒有做完的事”; sth.表示“間斷后繼續(xù)做原來沒有做完的事”,其后一般接代詞作賓語。通常情況下,go on doing sth.和go on with sth.可互換。例如: After they had read the text,the students went on to do the exercises. 讀完課文后,學(xué)生們繼續(xù)做練習(xí)。 The students went on talking and laughing all the way. 一路上學(xué)生們一直有說有笑。 After a rest,we went on with our lesson(=After a rest,we went on having our lesson.). 休息以后,我們繼續(xù)上課。

 

H

   habit, practice, custom, convention這組名詞一般含義為“習(xí)慣”。

  habit指個(gè)人的“習(xí)慣”,通常用于表示做事、思考問題或行為舉止的不自覺的方式方法

That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.

這證明是我的失敗,因?yàn)槲也痪镁突氐皆陔娨暺聊磺按蝾膲牧?xí)慣去了。

  practice 既可表示個(gè)人的也可表示社會的“習(xí)慣”,這種“習(xí)慣”從性質(zhì)上看是一種反復(fù)不斷的或是有選擇性的行為或者方法

On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat――the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.

在另一方面,一想到用動物油煎馬鈴薯,你便會作嘔。然而在許多北歐國家里,這是為大家接受的通常習(xí)慣。

She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yet following her general practice she had shut them before going out.

她慢慢地走進(jìn)廳堂,并且立刻發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的房門都是開著的。但是按照她自己的一般習(xí)慣,她在外出前總是把門全部關(guān)好的。

  custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含義,此外,custom 還包含這樣一層意思:長期而廣泛采用的行為或方法,即風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,按照某地區(qū)人們共同生活及其行為的準(zhǔn)則或規(guī)范,它不僅有指導(dǎo)意義,而且具有必須遵循的意義

Don't be a slave to custom.                 不要做風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的奴隸。

From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.

一個(gè)人從誕生的那一時(shí)刻起,他降生后所處的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣便給他的閱歷和行為定型。

  convention 其實(shí)是其他3個(gè)詞的近義詞,它的含義為:固定的或公眾一致承認(rèn)的行事或表達(dá)思想的方法

They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.        

他們不顧社會習(xí)俗,并未意識到自己在做些與眾不同的事。

 

      hand down;hand in;hand over;hand out ; by hand ;hands up

         hand down作“把……傳下來”解。例如:

…knowledge, customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race.

……他們的知識,生活習(xí)慣以及人們所懷念的事情,都是由他們的祖先傳下來的。

The story was handed down from one generation to another.這個(gè)故事世代相傳。

  hand in為“把……交上來” 、“交給”、“遞交”之意。例如:

Time is up.Hand in your examination papers.時(shí)間到了,請把試卷交上來。

  hand over作“轉(zhuǎn)交”或“移送”解。例如:

Please hand over this money to XiaoZhou.請將這筆錢轉(zhuǎn)交小周。

The thief was handed over to the police.小偷已被移送到公安機(jī)關(guān)了。

  hand out為“散發(fā)”之意。例如:

When I got to the classroom the teacher had already begun handing out the test papers.

我趕到教室時(shí),老師已開始分發(fā)試卷了。

  by  hands up表示“舉起手來”; hand表示“用手”、“手工”,是介詞短語,作方式狀語。

[EXERCISES]

①This toy was made       .  ②After class, you must        your homework.  ③If you have any questions to ask,please       .  (Keys:①by hand ②hand in ③hands up)

 

   have sb.do   have sb.dosth.;have sb./sth.doing sth.;have sth.done  sth.為“使(讓、請)某人做某事”之意,其中作賓補(bǔ)的不帶to的不定式只表示發(fā)生過某事。例如: The soldiers had the boy stand   have sb./sth.doingwith his back to his father. 士兵們讓男孩背對著父親站著。  sth.為“讓某人(某事)一直做某事”之意,其中作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞表示保持或一直存在的狀態(tài)。例如: The two cheats had their lights burning all night long. 兩個(gè)騙子讓燈整夜地亮著。 Although the farm is large,my dad has only   have sth.done 有兩層含義和用法:two men working for him. 雖然農(nóng)場大,但我爸爸只雇了兩人為他(一直)干活。  *其一,作“(有意地)讓他人為自己做某事”解,即過去分詞所表示的動作由別人完成,而賓語是過去分詞所表示動作的承受者或動作對象。例如: I’ll have a new suit made of this cloth. 我要用這種布料做一套新衣服。 *作“(無意識地)讓某人(或某物)遭受不幸”解。例如: He had his handbag stolen. 他的手提包被人偷了。

 

  hear   hear of/ hear from/ hear   hearof表示“聽人說起”、“聽說過”,側(cè)重于間接聽說;   hear表示“聽見”、“聽到”,后面接名詞、代詞或賓語從句。from表示“收到……的來信”、“收到……的來電”,后面接指人的名詞或代詞;

[EXERCISES]

①I       that our team won.  ②I       my brother twice a month.  ③I &n


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