第七講  數(shù)列求和

★★★高考在考什么

【考題回放】

1.設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e等于( D )

   A.6ec8aac122bd4f6e    B.6ec8aac122bd4f6e     C.6ec8aac122bd4f6e     D.6ec8aac122bd4f6e

2. 等差數(shù)列{an}中,a1=1,a3+a5=14,其前n項(xiàng)和Sn=100,則n=( B。

A.9      B.10       C.11       D.12

3.)數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項(xiàng)和為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,若6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e等于( B。

A.1      B.6ec8aac122bd4f6e      C.6ec8aac122bd4f6e      D.6ec8aac122bd4f6e

4.設(shè)Sn是等差數(shù)列{an}的前n項(xiàng)和,若=,則=

A.           B.                  C.          D.

解析:由等差數(shù)列的求和公式可得6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

所以6ec8aac122bd4f6e,故選A

5.已知數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e都是公差為1的等差數(shù)列,其首項(xiàng)分別為6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e.設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e),則數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前10項(xiàng)和等于( 。

A.55      B.70     C.85     D.100

解:數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e、6ec8aac122bd4f6e都是公差為1的等差數(shù)列,其首項(xiàng)分別為6ec8aac122bd4f6e、6ec8aac122bd4f6e,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e.設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e),則數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前10項(xiàng)和等于6ec8aac122bd4f6e=6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e,∴ 6ec8aac122bd4f6e

=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,選C.

6.對正整數(shù)n,設(shè)曲線6ec8aac122bd4f6e在x=2處的切線與y軸交點(diǎn)的縱坐標(biāo)為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前n項(xiàng)和的公式是  

解:6ec8aac122bd4f6e,曲線y=xn(1-x)在x=2處的切線的斜率為k=n2n-1-(n+1)2n

切點(diǎn)為(2,-2n),所以切線方程為y+2n=k(x-2),令x=0得 an=(n+1)2n,令bn=6ec8aac122bd4f6e.數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前n項(xiàng)和為2+22+23+…+2n=2n+1-2

 ★★★高考要考什么

1.直接用等差、等比數(shù)列的求和公式求和。

6ec8aac122bd4f6e   6ec8aac122bd4f6e 公比含字母時(shí)一定要討論

(理)無窮遞縮等比數(shù)列時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e

2.錯(cuò)位相減法求和:如:6ec8aac122bd4f6e

3.分組求和:把數(shù)列的每一項(xiàng)分成若干項(xiàng),使其轉(zhuǎn)化為等差或等比數(shù)列,再求和。

4.合并求和:如:求6ec8aac122bd4f6e的和。

5.裂項(xiàng)相消法求和:把數(shù)列的通項(xiàng)拆成兩項(xiàng)之差、正負(fù)相消剩下首尾若干項(xiàng)。

常見拆項(xiàng):6ec8aac122bd4f6e                6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e    6ec8aac122bd4f6e     6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6.公式法求和  6ec8aac122bd4f6e     6ec8aac122bd4f6e

7.倒序相加法求和

★     ★★ 突 破 重 難 點(diǎn)

【范例1】設(shè)數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e滿足6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(Ⅰ)求數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的通項(xiàng);  (Ⅱ)設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e,求數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項(xiàng)和6ec8aac122bd4f6e

解 (I)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e    6ec8aac122bd4f6e

驗(yàn)證6ec8aac122bd4f6e時(shí)也滿足上式,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e(II) 6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e   ①

  ②   

   ①-② : 6ec8aac122bd4f6e 6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

【變式】已知二次函數(shù)6ec8aac122bd4f6e的圖像經(jīng)過坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),其導(dǎo)函數(shù)為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前n項(xiàng)和為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,點(diǎn)6ec8aac122bd4f6e均在函數(shù)6ec8aac122bd4f6e的圖像上。(Ⅰ)、求數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的通項(xiàng)公式;

(Ⅱ)、設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e是數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前n項(xiàng)和,求使得6ec8aac122bd4f6e對所有6ec8aac122bd4f6e都成立的最小正整數(shù)m;

點(diǎn)評(píng):本小題考查二次函數(shù)、等差數(shù)列、數(shù)列求和、不等式等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本的運(yùn)算技能,考查分析問題的能力和推理能力。

解:(Ⅰ)設(shè)這二次函數(shù)f(x)=ax2+bx (a≠0) ,則 f`(x)=2ax+b,由于f`(x)=6x-2,得

a=3 ,  b=-2, 所以  f(x)=3x2-2x.

又因?yàn)辄c(diǎn)6ec8aac122bd4f6e均在函數(shù)6ec8aac122bd4f6e的圖像上,所以6ec8aac122bd4f6e=3n2-2n.

當(dāng)n≥2時(shí),an=Sn-Sn-1=(3n2-2n)-6ec8aac122bd4f6e=6n-5.

當(dāng)n=1時(shí),a1=S1=3×12-2=6×1-5,所以,an=6n-5 (6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(Ⅱ)由(Ⅰ)得知6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

故Tn6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e(1-6ec8aac122bd4f6e).

因此,要使6ec8aac122bd4f6e(1-6ec8aac122bd4f6e)<6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e)成立的m,必須且僅須滿足6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e,即m≥10,所以滿足要求的最小正整數(shù)m為10.

【范例2】已知數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e中的相鄰兩項(xiàng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e是關(guān)于6ec8aac122bd4f6e的方程6ec8aac122bd4f6e的兩個(gè)根,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(I)求6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e;   (II)求數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項(xiàng)和6ec8aac122bd4f6e;

(Ⅲ)(理)記6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

求證:6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(I)解:方程6ec8aac122bd4f6e的兩個(gè)根為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e,所以6ec8aac122bd4f6e;

當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e,所以6ec8aac122bd4f6e;

當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,所以6ec8aac122bd4f6e時(shí);

當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,所以6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(II)解:6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(III)證明:6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

所以6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

同時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

綜上,當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e

【變式】在數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e中,6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(Ⅰ)證明數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等比數(shù)列;

(Ⅱ)求數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項(xiàng)和6ec8aac122bd4f6e;

(Ⅲ)證明不等式6ec8aac122bd4f6e,對任意6ec8aac122bd4f6e皆成立.

解、(Ⅰ)證明:由題設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e,得6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e,所以數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e是首項(xiàng)為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,且公比為6ec8aac122bd4f6e的等比數(shù)列.

(Ⅱ)解:由(Ⅰ)可知6ec8aac122bd4f6e,于是數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的通項(xiàng)公式為6ec8aac122bd4f6e

所以數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項(xiàng)和6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(Ⅲ)證明:對任意的6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

所以不等式6ec8aac122bd4f6e,對任意6ec8aac122bd4f6e皆成立.

【點(diǎn)睛】本題以數(shù)列的遞推關(guān)系式為載體,主要考查等比數(shù)列的概念、等比數(shù)列的通項(xiàng)公式及前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項(xiàng)和公式、不等式的證明等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),考查運(yùn)算能力和推理論證能力.

【范例3】已知a1=2,點(diǎn)(an,an+1)在函數(shù)f(x)=x2+2x的圖象上,其中=1,2,3,…

(1)       證明數(shù)列{lg(1+an)}是等比數(shù)列;

(2)       設(shè)Tn=(1+a1) (1+a2) …(1+an),求Tn及數(shù)列{an}的通項(xiàng);

(3)       記bn=6ec8aac122bd4f6e,求{bn}數(shù)列的前項(xiàng)和Sn,并證明Sn+6ec8aac122bd4f6e=1.

解:(Ⅰ)由已知6ec8aac122bd4f6e, 6ec8aac122bd4f6e  6ec8aac122bd4f6e    6ec8aac122bd4f6e,兩邊取對數(shù)得

        6ec8aac122bd4f6e,即6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e是公比為2的等比數(shù)列.

(Ⅱ)由(Ⅰ)知6ec8aac122bd4f6e 6ec8aac122bd4f6e  6ec8aac122bd4f6e(*)

        6ec8aac122bd4f6e    6ec8aac122bd4f6e    6ec8aac122bd4f6e=6ec8aac122bd4f6e

        由(*)式得6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(Ⅲ)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e  6ec8aac122bd4f6e  6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e 6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e.

【變式】已知數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e滿足6ec8aac122bd4f6e,并且6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e為非零參數(shù),6ec8aac122bd4f6e).

(Ⅰ)若6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等比數(shù)列,求參數(shù)6ec8aac122bd4f6e的值;

(Ⅱ)設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e,常數(shù)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e.證明6ec8aac122bd4f6e

  解:(I)由已知6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

   若6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e、6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等比數(shù)列,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e解得6ec8aac122bd4f6e

 。↖I)證明:設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e由已知,數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e是以6ec8aac122bd4f6e為首項(xiàng)、6ec8aac122bd4f6e為公比的等比數(shù)列,故6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e 6ec8aac122bd4f6e

  因此,對任意6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

                6ec8aac122bd4f6e

  當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e時(shí),6ec8aac122bd4f6e

所以6ec8aac122bd4f6e

      

 


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