20．One of the unpleasant aspects of being a manager is that you have to deal with employees who engage in violating company policies．Some typical disciplinary actions will be done such as reassignment or even firing．Too light，and they will not sufficiently communicate the severity of the infraction（違規(guī)行為），both to the employee who broke the rules and to the peers who are watching．Too heavy，and you create an unfair environment that violates everyone's expectations for justice．
We all want to believe that we are fair，and that we would be objective．However，there's an important factor that could undermine your ability to be fair：sleep．My colleagues-Kyoungmin Cho at the University of Washington and Cristiano Guarana at the University of Virginia-and I wanted to investigate this link．My previous research indicates that lack of sleep damages judgment and behavior．And the research literature indicates that lack of sleep leads to errors in decision making．As I discuss in my TEDx talk，sleep-lacking people are not efficient without even being aware that．
My colleagues and I started our research based on that lack of sleep can increase negative responses to the infraction．Sleep-lacking people are more likely to interpret an action in a negative manner．This suggests that people will conduct infractions more negatively when they're sleep-lacking．In addition，lack of sleep makes it more difficult to regulate negative emotions．This can make people more likely to become angry，making them in turn more likely to respond negatively to people who engage in punishable behaviors．We assume that sleep-lacking people would be more likely to give harsher punishments．
Based on this finding，our advice to managers is to be aware of this potential effect on your judgment．If a staff engages in a punishable infraction after you've had a short night of sleep，you may allocate a punishment that is harsher than necessary，contributing to an unfair work environment．
Two potential ways to address this would be to either delay deciding on a disciplinary measure until you have had a better night of sleep or deliberately discount the measure to soften the effect of your lack of sleep．Given the difficulty of measuring the second approach，the first approach is probably the better option．And it bears repeating：If you want to be a better manager，aim to get at least eight hours of sleep each night．
28．What does the author say about disciplinary actions？D
A．Employees should be fired．
B．Bonuses will be removed．
C．Severe rules should be performed．
D．It is hard to balance the punishments．
29．The underlined word"undermine"is closest in meaning toD．
A．change
B．influence
C．determine
D．weaken
30．What would a sleepy manager do？B
A．Realize the side effect of it and take actions．
B．Throw more severe punishment．
C．Get rid of the negative atmosphere in the company．
D．Regulate the negative emotions．
31．Which of the following statements is true according to the text？C
A．A good sleep leads to a fair environment．
B．Unfair work environment is due to weak punishments．
C．It is necessary to give punishments after a good sleep．
D．Eight hours of sleep each night is the bottom line．
分析 本文主要講述了睡眠不足對人們的各種判斷和認知方面會產生的影響以及提出的相應的解決方法．
解答 28 D細節(jié)理解題．細節(jié)理解．根據第一段中的"Too light，and they will not sufficiently communicate the severity of the infraction…Too heavy，and you create an unfair environment…for justice．"可知，處罰太輕或者太重都不好．結合選項，故選D
29 D 詞義猜測題．根據文章We all want to believe that we are fair，and that we would be objective．However，there's an important factor that could undermine your ability to be fair可知每個人都想公平客觀，以及第四句話中的"…indicates that lack of sleep damages judgment and behavior"睡眠不足會損害判斷力和行為舉止．可知 睡眠不足會削弱人們試圖讓自己公平、公正的能力．結合選項，故選D
30 B細節(jié)理解題．根據文章第三段最后一句話"We assume that sleep-lacking people would be more likely to give harsher punishments．"可知，睡眠不足會讓人作出更嚴厲的懲罰決定．
31 C細節(jié)理解題．．根據文章最Two potential ways to address this would be to either delay deciding on a disciplinary measure until you have had a better night of sleep or deliberately discount the measure to soften the effect of your lack of sleep．可知解決以上問題的兩種方法是：或者延遲最初決定或者睡個好覺．結合選項，故C符合文意
點評 本文是一個政治經濟類閱讀，題目涉及多道細節(jié)理解題，做題時結合原文和題目有針對性的找出相關語句進行仔細分析，結合選項選出正確答案．推理判斷題也是要在抓住關鍵句子的基礎上合理的分析才能得出正確答案，切忌胡亂猜測，一定要做到有理有據．
