Psychology(心理學(xué)) is the study of the mind and mental activities. For example, psychologists are interested in why some things make you sad, but others make you happy. They want to know why some people are shy, but others are quite talkative. They want to know why people do the thing that they do. They also test intelligence.
Psychologists deal with the mind and behavior of people. Your mind consists of all your feelings, thoughts and ideas. It is the result of one part of the brain called the cerebrum (大腦). Your behavior is the way you act or conduct yourself. Examples of behavior include shouting, crying, laughing and sleeping.
Several people have been instrumental in the field of psychology. Whihelm Wundt set up the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian, is noted for his experiments with dogs in which he studies their reflexes(反射) and reactions. Around 1900, Sigmund Freud, stated his theory that people try to repress (control, hide)memories or thoughts that they believe were not good.
Psychologists should not be confused with psychiatrists who deal with mental illness. They are medical doctors who treat people.
This passage is mainly about__________.
A. studying the mind
B. memories and people
C. famous psychologists
D. the study of mental illness
We may learn from the passage that psychiatrists __________.
A. study physical illness only
B. study people' s mind and behavior
C. are not medical doctors
D. mainly treat mental disease
According to the passage, Sigmund Freud stated that __________.
A. Pavlov's experiments with dogs were successful
B. people make an effort to hold back unhappy memories
C. psychiatrists should work closely with psychologists
D. people should learn something about psychology
活力課時同步練習(xí)冊系列答案科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
Everyone has good days and bad days.
Sometimes, you feel as if you’re on top of the world. But occasionally you feel horrible, and you lose things and you cannot focus on your schoolwork.
For more than 20 years, scientists have suggested that high self-esteem（自尊）is the key to success. Now, new research shows that focusing just on building self-esteem may not be helpful. In some cases, having high self-esteem can bring bad results if it makes you less likeable or more upset when you fail at something.
“Forget about self-esteem,” says Jennifer Crocker, a psychologist（心理學(xué)家）at the University of Michigan, US. “It’s not the important thing.”
Feeling good
Crocker’s advice may sound a bit strange because it is good to feel good about yourself.
Studies show that people with high self-esteem are less likely to be depressed, anxious, shy, or lonely than those with low self-esteem.w(w w.ks&5 u.c*o m
But, after reviewing about 18,000 studies on self-esteem, Roy Baumeister, a psychologist at Florida State University, has found that building up your self-esteem will not necessarily make you a better person.
He believes that violent and wicked（邪惡的）people often have the highest self-esteem of all. He also said: “There’s no evidence that kids with high self-esteem do better in school.”
Problems
All types of people have problems. People with high self-esteem can have big egos（自我）that can make them less likeable to their peers（同齡人）,said Kathleen Vohs, a psychology professor at Columbia University.
People with high self-esteem tend to think more of themselves, Vohs says. People with low self-esteem are more likely to rely on their friends when they need help.
What to do
Researchers say it is best to listen to and support other people. Find positive ways to contribute to society. If you fail at something try to learn from the experience. “The best therapy（藥方）is to recognize your faults,” Vohs says. “It’s OK to say, I’m not so good at that, and then move on.”
It is concluded in the research that high self-esteem_________.
A. is not important at all
B. has taken on a different meaning
C. may not be the key to success
D. does not help you do better at schoolw(w w.ks&5 u.c*o m
According to the research, people with high self-esteem_________.
A. have better relationship with people of their own age
B. are more likely to become violent and wicked
C. tend to be proud and do not care much about others
D. often feel depressed and can’t focus on their work
The advice in the last paragraph is mainly for people___________.
A. with high self-esteem B. with low self-esteem
C. who are still at school D. who are good at everything
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.
“I would never have said to my mom, ‘Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it?’” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.”
Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.
Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families. Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago. Now they are comfortable and common. And parent—child activities, from shopping to sports, involve a feeling of trust and friendship that can continue int0 adulthood.
No wonder greeting cards today carry the message, “To my mother, my best friend.”
But family experts warn that the new equality can also result in less respect for parents. “There’s still a lot of strictness and authority on the part of parents out there, but there is a change happening,” says Kerrie, a psychology professor at Lebanon Valley College. “In the middle of that change, there is a lot of confusion among parents.”
Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say.
“My parents were on the ‘before’ side of that change, but today’s parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the ‘a(chǎn)fter’ side,” explains Mr. Ballmer. “It’s not something easily accomplished by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now.”
41. The underlined word gulf in Para.3 most probably means _________.
A. interest
B. distance
C. difference
D. separation
42. Which of the following shows that the generation gap is disappearing?
A. Parents help their children develop interests in more activities.
B. Parents put more trust in their children’s abilities.
C. Parents and children talk more about sex and drugs.
D. Parents share more interests with their children.
43. The change in today’s parent-child relationship is _________.
A. more confusion among parents
B. new equality between parents and children
C.1ess respect for parents from children
D. more strictness and authority on the part of parents
44. By saying “today’s parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the ‘a(chǎn)fter’ side.” the author means that today’s parents _________.
A. follow the trend of the change
B. can set a limit to the change
C. fail to take the change seriously
D. have little difficulty adjusting to the change
45. The purpose of the passage is to _________.
A. describe the difficulties today’s parents have met with
B. discuss the development of the parent—child relationship
C. suggest the ways to handle the parent—child relationship
D. compare today’s parent—child relationship with that in the past
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科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆湖北省荊門市高二上學(xué)期期末教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Everyone has good days and bad days.
Sometimes, you feel as if you’re on top of the world and all the questions on your maths test might seem easy. But occasionally you feel horrible, and you lose things and cannot focus on our schoolwork.
For more than 20 years, scientists have suggested that high self-esteem(自尊) is the key to success.Now, new research shows that focusing just on building self-esteem may not be helpful. In some cases, having high self-esteem can make people less likeable or more upset when they fail in something.
“Forget about self-esteem,” says Jennifer Crocker, a psychologist at the University of Michigan, US. “It’s not the important thing.”
Feeling good
Crocker’s advice may sound a bit strange. After all, feeling good can be good for you.Studies show that people with high self-esteem are less likely to be depressed, anxious, shy, or lonely than those with low self-esteem.
However, after reviewing about 18,000 studies on self-esteem, Roy Baumeister, a psychologist at Florida State University, has found that building up your self-esteem will not necessarily make you a better person.
He believes that violent people often have the highest self-esteem of all. He also said:“ There’s no evidence that kids with high self-esteem do better in school.”
Problems
All types of people have problems. People with high self-esteem can have big egos(自我) that can make them less likeable, said Kathleen Vohs, a psychology professor at Columbia University.People with high self-esteem tend to think more of themselves, VOhs says. People with low self-esteem are more likely to rely on their friends when they need help.
What to do
Researchers say it is best to listen to and support other people. Find positive ways to contribute to society. If you fail in something, try to learn from the experience. “The best therapy(藥方) is to recognize your faults,” Vohs says. “It’s OK to say, ‘I’ m not so good at that,’ and then move on.”
1.What does the underlined part “on top of the world” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Quite helpful. B．Extremely happy. C．Very unlucky. D．Rather upset.
2.The conclusion drawn from the new research shows that high self-esteem_____.
A．is not important at all B．makes people more likeable
C．may not be the key to success D．helps you do better at school
3.Which of the following is TRUE according to Vohs?
A．Feeling good doesn’t mean you lead a happy life.
B．People with high self-esteem always seek others’ help.
C．People with high self-esteem tend to be selfish.
D．People with low self-esteem are often more popular.
4.We can infer from the text that the best therapy mentioned in the last paragraph is mainly for people_____.
A．with high self-esteem B．with low self-esteem
C．who contribute significantly to society D．who are in need of support
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學(xué)年重慶市高三上學(xué)期第三次月考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Gallows humor(黑色幽默) may seem like a mistake, or at least in poor taste. But psychologists say that gallows humor can be an important way to relieve stress.“Humor makes you feel in control and it can give you that feeling that everything is okay even when it’s not,”says James M.Jones, a psychology professor at the University of Delaware.
Psychologists say that just because you’re laughing doesn’t mean you’re wasting time. Occasional tease among colleagues, particularly if it is associated with the job, can inspire creativity, departmental cohesiveness(凝聚力) and performance.
“There are a lot of stresses out there,”says Ed Dunkelblau, a psychologist in Chicago.“Gallows humor is a way of making difficult things a little less difficult.”
This is as long as the humor is used for the right purpose. The main point of it should be inspiring people—not laughing at them. “Anything that would lift morale(士氣) in terms of the company would be good humor,”says Thierry Guedj, a professor.
You want to give your employees and co-workers a sense of belonging, so don’t make observations that are aggressive. Most obviously, Dr. Guedj says, don’t make comments about people’s physical appearance or faith. If you have any doubt about its appropriateness, don’t go through with it.
Or you can take aim at the person that you know won’t be offended(冒犯): yourself. “If there’s going to be a joke or story, it should be you,”Mr Dunkelblau says.
“People with the ability to laugh at themselves can give other people permission to laugh at themselves, too,”Mr Jones says.“And if you can laugh at yourself, you feel better about yourself.”
1.According to the passage, gallows humor has the following functions EXCEPT .
|
A．leading to a big mistake |
B．reducing pressure |
|
C．making people more creative |
D．improving performance |
2.What is Ed Dunkelblau’s attitude towards gallows humor?
|
A．Negative. |
B．Positive. |
C．Neutral.(中立的) |
D．Uncertain. |
3.When people use gallows humor, they should .
|
A．observe who is aggressive |
|
B．show a sense of belonging |
|
C．doubt about the result of humor |
|
D．try to avoid involving private things |
4.What can we infer from the passage?
|
A．People tend to laugh at others rather than themselves. |
|
B．Laughing at yourself can make others free from stress. |
|
C．People can’t avoid offending others with gallows humor. |
|
D．People who laugh at themselves are easy to gain others’ permission. |
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科目：高中英語 來源：2011-2012學(xué)年河北省高三高考仿真模擬考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Why does the rate of heart attacks increase during the World Cup football finals? How can we help an overweight patient to lose weight? They’re just some of the topics covered in a new book by University of Sussex academics, which is helping student doctors to consider the importance of psychology in medical practice.
Psychology for Medicine is the first textbook of its kind, providing medical trainees and new doctors with all the relevant psychological knowledge they need. Previously, students had to refer to many different books for the relevant psychology.
The book, by Sussex psychologists Dr. Sussex Ayers and Dr. Richard de Visser, has been well received by fellow academics and medical doctors and was finished with the help of the students and staff of the Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The students proofread（校對） the chapters, provided ideas for the content and even modeled for the photographs. The book provides a solid grounding in psychological study relevant to medicine, along with practical tips and advice for practice. One student, Simon Hall, drew cartoons for the book.
The study psychology is important for doctors for a number of reasons. Psychological and physical symptoms are highly related. Up to a third of patients will have psychological disorders, while physical causes are usually only found in around 15 per cent of people’s symptoms. In treatment, a lot of the effect drugs can be due to patients believing they will recover rather than the drug itself.
Dr. Ayers says, “The important thing about this book is that it’s applied science --- it shows why psychology is important to medicine and how we should use it. The book’s presentation is really important. It’s not just lots of theory, but full of tips and advice so that students can take what they learn in the classroom and apply it to real-life situations.”
1.The book Psychology for Medicine is mainly written for ________.
|
A．scientists |
B．overweight people |
C．patients |
D．student doctors |
2.What is the third paragraph mainly about?
|
A．The topics of the book. |
B．The comments on the book. |
|
C．The contributors to the book. |
D．The characteristics of the book. |
3.According to the text, the book Psychology for Medicine _________.
|
A．is a bit difficult to understand. |
|
B．is mainly about how to lose weight. |
|
C．included tips on training football players. |
|
D．focuses on the importance of psychology in treatment |
4.We can infer that the text is a(n) ______.
|
A．research report |
B．introduction to a book |
|
C．a(chǎn)dvertisement for a book |
D．introduction to a psychologist |
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