3.A study of more than five million books,both fiction and non-fiction,has found a marked decline in the use of emotional words over time.The researchers form the University of Bristol used Google Ngram Viewer,a facility for finding the frequency of terms in scanned books,to search for more than 600particular words identified as representing anger,dislike,fear,joy,sadness and surprise.
They found that almost all of the categories (類別) showed a drop in these"mood words"over time.Only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage.
"It is a steady and continuous decrease,"said Dr Alberto Acerbi.He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature,in a crowded media landscape."One thing could be that in parallel to books the 20th century saw the start of other media.Maybe these media-movies,radio,drama-had more emotional content than books."
Although both joy and sadness followed the general downwards trend,the research,published in the journal PLOS One,found that they also exhibited another interesting behaviour:the ratio (比率) between the two varied greatly,apparently mirroring historical events.
During the Roaring Twenties the joy-to-sadness ratio reached a peak that would not occur again until before the recent financial crash.But the ratio plunged at the height of the Second World War.Nevertheless,the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends.In the paper,they even argue that the reverse could be true.
"It has been suggested,for example,that it was the suppression (壓抑) of desire in ordinary Elizabethan English life that increased demand for writing‘filled with romance and sex'…perhaps,"they conclude,"songs and books may not reflect the real population any more than catwalk models reflect the average body."
(Note:Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)
81.A study of more than five million books indicated a decline in"mood words"over time exceptin the category of fear.
82.According to Dr Alberto Acerbi,one reason for the drop of"mood words"in books may be thatthe literary position has changed in a crowded media landscape/other media-movies,radio,drama-
had more emotional content.
83.What were the two periods when the joy-to-sadness ratio was at its highest?During the roaring Twenties and before the recent financial crash.
84.While the researchers found some changes in the use of"mood words"in books,they were
not sure thattheir research result reflected wider social trends/songs and books reflected the real population.
分析 文章大意:本篇文章是一篇關(guān)于文學作品中詞匯用量研究的科普文.開篇首段即提出一個研究結(jié)論:在各種類型的書籍中,表達情感的詞匯用量在下降.第二段對上文進行補充,強調(diào)單單表達恐懼的詞匯用量呈上升趨勢.緊接著第三段中給出了造成這種情緒詞匯下降的原因--新媒體(電影、廣播、戲。┑尼绕穑谒、五、六段進一步探討了新話題:表示快樂的詞匯用量與表示悲傷的詞匯用量這兩者的比率,能間接反映出歷史事件和歷史趨勢.
解答 81.in the category of fear.細節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第二段的Only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage可知答案,意思是,只有害怕類別的詞匯在使用上有所增加,
82.the literary position has changed in a crowded media landscape/other media-movies,radio,drama-had more emotional content. 細節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第三段的He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature,in a crowded media landscape.可知答案.
83.During the roaring Twenties and before the recent financial crash.細節(jié)理解題.由題干關(guān)鍵詞"joy-to-sadness ratio"定位至第五段首句,意為在"During the Roaring Twenties"比率達至頂峰,這種情形直到"before the recent financial crash"才又一次出現(xiàn).所以"reached a peak"前面的主語與"until"后的內(nèi)容即為所要求填寫的內(nèi)容,整合后答案是"During the Roaring Twenties and before the recent financial crash.".
84.their research result reflected wider social trends/songs and books reflected the real population. 細節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends可知答案,其中reserved opinion指的是對…有保留意見
點評 閱讀理解題目的題型是客觀的,而閱讀表達的題型則是主觀的,這不僅需要考生將文章理解,還需要將自己對文章的理解通過自己的語言表達出來,而且要受到字數(shù)的限制.這就是說閱讀理解只是要求學生將文章及題目中的信息理解了,就能作對題目,而閱讀表達不僅要求學生理解文章和題目而且要把文章中的信息用自己的語言表達出來,是一種信息的輸出.