19．Kong Zi，also called Confucius （551-479 B．C），and Socrates （469-399 B．C） lived only a hundred years apart，and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece，but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas，and how these ideas in turn，shaped their societies．
Neither philosopher lived in times of peace，though there were more wars in Greece than in China．The Chinese states were very large and feudal，while the Greek city-states were small and urban．The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical than Confucius．Unlike Confucius，Socrates was not asked by rules how to govern effectively．Thus，Socrates was able to be more idealistic，focusing on issues like freedom，and knowledge for its own sake．Confucius，on the other hand，advised those in government service，and many of his students went out to government service．
Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life："Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you．"He assumed that all men were equal at birth，though some had more potential than others，and that it was knowledge that set men apart．Socrates focused on the individual，and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom．He believed that the superior class should rule the inferior（下層的）classes．
For Socrates，the family was of no importance，and the community of little concern．For Confucius，however，the family was the centre of the society，with family relations considered much more important than political relations．
Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes．
32．Which of the following is TURE according to the first paragraph？C
A．Socrates and Confucius had much in common，
B．Confucius had much influence on Socrates'ideas．
C．The societies were influenced by the philosophers'ideas．
D．There were cultural exchanges between China and Greece．
33．Socrates shared with Confucius the idea that．B
A．a(chǎn)ll men were equal when they were born
B．the lower classed should be ruled by the upper class
C．the purpose of man was to seek freedom and wisdom
D．people should not ask others to do what they did not want to
34．What made some people different from others according to Confucius？C
A．Family．
B．Potential．
C．Knowledge．
D．Community．
35．This passage is organized in the pattern of，B
A．time and events                       
B．comparison and contrast
C．cause and effect                       
D．definition and classification．

分析 本文介紹了一些哲學(xué)家的思想，哲學(xué)家思想有時會改變社會．全文主要介紹了兩位哲學(xué)家，孔子和蘇格拉底，兩位哲學(xué)家的思想并不相同，作者通過對比的方法，充分展示了兩位著名哲學(xué)家對社會，對人類的看法．

解答 32．C．細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章"how these ideas in turn，shaped their societies"可知，哲學(xué)家的想法會塑造社會．故選C．
33．B．細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章"He believed that the superior class should rule the inferior classes．"可知，蘇格拉底認為上級應(yīng)該統(tǒng)治下層．故選B．
34．C．細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章"it was knowledge that set men apart．"可知，孔子認為是知識把人區(qū)分開．故選C．
35．B．主旨大意題．本文介紹了一些哲學(xué)家的思想，哲學(xué)家思想有時會改變社會．全文主要介紹了兩位哲學(xué)家，孔子和蘇格拉底，兩位哲學(xué)家的思想并不相同，作者通過對比的方法，充分展示了兩位著名哲學(xué)家對社會，對人類的看法．故選B．

點評 本文是考察學(xué)生歷史文化類閱讀理解文章．這類文章常涉及歷史、文化、法制、宗教等方面的文學(xué)藝術(shù)、發(fā)明創(chuàng)造、文化遺產(chǎn)保護、宗教與文化、風俗與習(xí)慣、道德與法制、中外文學(xué)名著節(jié)選、等等．這類材料的命題點往往落在主旨大意題、事實細節(jié)題上．

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