Decision-thinking is not unlikepoker—it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think youthink and what you think they think you think. The mental process (過程) is similar. Naturally, thiscard game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by anystandards, good thinkers.

Thegreat mathematician John Von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. Inparticular, he showed that all games fall into two classes: there are what hecalled games of “perfect information”, games like chess where the players can’thide anything or play tricks: they don’t win by chance, but by means of logicand skills. Then there are games of “imperfect information”, like poker, inwhich it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is betterthan another.

One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfectinformation. Quite the reverse.Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with veryimperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown andunknowable factors (因素) which would even puzzle (困惑) best poker players. But few business people find itcomfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer tobelieve that they are playing chess, not poker.

The subject discussed in this text is _______.


  1. A.
    the process of reaching decisions
  2. B.
    the difference between poker and chess
  3. C.
    the secret of making good business plans
  4. D.
    the value of information in winning games
A
本文段由3個自然段組成，這3個自然段分別論述了以下問題： ①decision-thinking與poker的相似性。 ②the game theory以及兩種不同的games。 ③關(guān)于business decision的特點(diǎn)。 本題的4個選項(xiàng)把上面的問題都涉及了，問題在于：作者貫穿全文的基本意思是什么?本段提出關(guān)于商務(wù)決策的問題，是作為決策的一個方面進(jìn)行討論的，所以，它并不是全文討論的問題。poker與chess的分類雖在第2自然段中進(jìn)行了討論，但是，此點(diǎn)與決策問題的邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)當(dāng)是這樣的：the game theory (the twoclasses-poker and chess)屬于decision-thinking與decision-making。由此，我們就可以得出結(jié)論：本段的主旨是討論決策過程的。
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科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆山西省晉中市高二下學(xué)期期中考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：完型填空

完形填空（共20小題;每小題1. 5分，滿分30分）

A man and his wife arrived in Boston by train．After getting off the train, they walked without an 36____ into the outer office of Harvard’s president．So they were stopped by his secretary and kept 37____．For hours, the secretary took no notice of them, 38____ that the couple would finally become disappointed and 39____．But they didn’t．The secretary finally decided to disturb the president, though 40____．

A few minutes later, the president walked towards the couple with a 41____ face．The lady told him, “We had a son that 42____ Harvard for one year．He loved Harvard．He was 43____ here．But about a year ago, he was accidentally killed．My husband and I would like to 44____ a memorial（紀(jì)念物）to him, somewhere on campus．”

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1.                A．choice         B．decision        C．a(chǎn)cquaintance  D．a(chǎn)ppointment

 

2.                A．waiting         B．standing        C．sitting    D．talking

 

3.                A．hoping         B．finding         C．realizing  D．imagining

 

4.                A．go down        B．go out          C．go away  D．go around

 

5.                A．hopelessly      B．carefully        C．unexpectedly  D．unwillingly

 

6.                A．pleasant        B．funny          C．cold D．sad

 

7.                A．a(chǎn)ttended       B．visited          C．studied   D．served

 

8.                A．clever          B．brave          C．proud    D．happy

 

9.                A．set about       B．set up          C．set down  D．set off

 

10.               A．satisfied        B．excited         C．shocked   D．a(chǎn)shamed

 

11.               A．park           B．cemetery       C．garden    D．museum

 

12.               A．explained       B．expressed      C．refused   D．a(chǎn)dmitted

 

13.               A．building        B．yard           C．playground D．square

 

14.               A．laughed        B．shouted        C．glanced   D．called

 

15.               A．suggestion      B．idea           C．thought   D．opinion

 

16.               A．bored          B．a(chǎn)stonished      C．interested D．pleased

 

17.               A．department     B．university       C．business   D．club

 

18.               A．Once          B．While          C．Since D．Though

 

19.               A．named         B．looked         C．taken D．followed

 

20.               A．talked          B．knew          C．heard     D．cared

 

 

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The early lack of exposure to science ，technology，engineering and mathematics (STEM) can be harmful to achieving gender (性別）balance in these fields. It begins when we are young and continues throughout our time in high school.

While at home，girls generally don’t get to experience the level of exposure or encouragement in STEM fields that their male counterparts do. It is often subtle ，but it’s the first hurdle that faces and confuses so many women. Boys ，on the other hand, get on their path ，and are encouraged to do so， generally earlier than girls. For example ，boys are more often given science sets as toys ，which spark an interest in these subjects.

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A．girls are not as good at STEM as boys

B．girls do not like to take science classes

C．girls get fewer chances to know about STEM

D．girls seldom survive the high pressure positions

2.The underlined word “it” in Para. 4 refers to______

A．our bias           B．our culture        C．the situation       D．a(chǎn) sense

3.The main purpose of the passage is to______.

A．show women’s potentials in STEM fields

B．praise women’s contributions to STEM fields

C．describe the present gender bias in STEM fields

D．call for more involvement of women in STEM fields

4.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

 

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Dear Aunty,

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Dear Phobic,

I’m an animal lover and on your kid’s and cat’s side. Tell your daughter your problem. Ask her to help you come up with a plan. Perhaps you can agree to allow the cat only in certain areas of the house. This is a chance for your daughter to develop the sense of responsibility owning a pet requires.

Dear Aunty,

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B．spend more time cleaning the house.

C．a(chǎn)sk her daughter to help tidy up

D．find a better way to keep the cat.

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A．Phobic can’t get along well with her daughter.

B．Aunty is fond of animals like cats.

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 “Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher.” You might think that Winston Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a professor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organizational decision making. For years March (possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.

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1.According to the text, James March is ________.

A．a(chǎn) poet who uses experience in his writing

B．a(chǎn) teacher who teachers story writing in university

C．a(chǎn) researcher who studies the way humans think and act

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A．Experience makes stories more accurate.

B．Stories made interesting fail to fully present the truth.

C．The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.

D．Stories are easier to understand when reality is more accurately described.

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A．To introduce a book.                     B．To describe a researcher.

C．To explain experiential learning.            D．To discuss organizational decision making.

 

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科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆海南省高二下學(xué)期期末考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Once there was an 11-year-old boy who went fishing with his father in the middle of a New Hampshire lake. On the day before bass(巴斯魚) season opened, they were fishing early in the evening, catching other fish with worms. Then the boy tied a small silver lure(魚餌) and put it into the lake. Suddenly he felt that something very big pulling on the lure. His father watched with admiration as the boy skillfully brought the fish beside the bank. Finally he lifted the tired fish from the water. It was the largest one he had ever seen, but it was a bass.

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That was 34 years ago. Today the boy is a successful architect in New York City. He often takes his own son and daughters to fish at the same place.

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A．The boy and his father didn’t know what to do with the big fish.

B．The father lit a match in order to check the time.

C．The boy threw the bass back into the water willingly.

D．They worried other fishermen might discover what they had done.

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A．didn’t love his son

B．a(chǎn)lways disagreed with his son

C．disliked the huge fish

D．was firm and stubborn

3.The successful architect went fishing with his children at the same    place because _______.

A．they might catch a big fish there

B．it was a most popular fishing spot

C．he was taught a moral lesson there

D．their children enjoyed fishing there

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A．It is easy to say something, but difficult to do.

B．An ethical decision is always easy to make.

C．It’s hard to tell right from wrong sometimes.

D．Fishing can help one to make right decisions.

 

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