Seventy years ago, a group of well-known people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music, dance and theater in Edinburgh. The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.

It quickly attracted famous names such as Alec Guinness, Richard Burton, Dame Margot Fonteyn and Marlene Dietrich as well as the big symphony orchestras (交響樂團(tuán)). It became a fixed event every August and now attracts 400,000 people yearly.

At the same time, the “Fringe” appeared as a challenge to the official festival. Eight theater groups turned up uninvited in 1947, in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform, and they did so in a public house disused for years.

Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theater by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.

Today the “Fringe”, once less recognized, has far outgrown the festival with around 1,500 performances of theater, music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts. And yet as early as 1959, with only 19 theater groups performing, some said it was getting too big.

A paid administrator was first employed only in 1971, and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself. In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1,695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1.25 million tickets were sold.

1.What was the purpose of Edinburgh Festival at the beginning?

A. To introduce young theater groups.

B. To honor heroes of World WarⅡ.

C. To attract great artists from Europe.

D. To bring Europe together again.

2.Why did some uninvited theater groups come to Edinburgh in 1947?

A. They owned a public house there.

B. They wanted to take part in the festival.

C. They thought they were also famous.

D. They came to take up a challenge.

3.Who joined the "Fringe" after it appeared?

A. Popular writers

B. Artists from around the world.

C. University students.

D. Performers of music and dance.

4.We may learn from the text that Edinburgh Festival______.

A. keeps growing rapidly

B. has gone beyond an art festival

C. gives shows all year round

D. has become a non-official event

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