【題目】現(xiàn)代文閱讀(本題滿分15分)
烽火臺的訴說
①人類為了生存下去,就需要共同抵御洪水、野獸等災(zāi)害和天敵,這時就少不了彼此溝通和協(xié)作。在遠(yuǎn)古時期,由于沒有文字,人們之間的信息交流主要是靠聲音和肢體語言;在我國的殷商時期,出現(xiàn)了“擊鼓傳聲”的通信方式;后來人們開始興建烽火臺,出現(xiàn)了用火光和煙霧傳遞信息的辦法。
②今天,人們在游覽雄偉壯觀的萬里長城時,依然可以看到修建在制高點(diǎn)上、形似碉堡的方形建筑,那就是烽火臺。不過,烽火臺的歷史要比長城還要久遠(yuǎn)。
③一般來說,我國歷史上的烽火臺是在西周時期出現(xiàn)的。據(jù)史料記載,在周朝時,中央與各諸侯國都在邊疆或通往邊疆的道路上每隔一定距離就修筑一座烽火臺。烽火臺上堆滿了柴草,哨兵一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有外族入侵,便點(diǎn)燃柴草以烽火報警。各路諸侯見到后,就會派兵前來接應(yīng),同御外敵。
④說到這里,很多人都會想起《東周列國志》中一個很有名的故事——烽火戲諸侯。故事片說的是荒淫無度的周幽王自從得到美人褒姒之后,便整天想盡辦法來博得褒姒開心一笑,可美人一直無動于 (zhōng)。有個近臣獻(xiàn)計(jì)說,當(dāng)年先王為了防備西戎入侵,在驪山之巔建有20余處烽火臺,每當(dāng)有賊寇侵犯時,烽火臺便點(diǎn)火示警,火光、煙霧直沖霄漢,甚為壯觀。附近諸侯見此情景,無不發(fā)兵相救。這些年為,天下太平,已多年不見烽火點(diǎn)燃,如果君王偕王后同游驪山,夜舉烽火,這時諸侯援兵必至,至而無寇,王后必笑無疑;栌沟挠耐蹙尤宦爮牧诉@位近臣的餿主意,其下場我們也都知道了,周幽王命喪西戎刀下,褒姒也在劫難逃。西周從此走向了滅亡之路。
⑤西周的滅亡并不意味著以烽火通報軍情的歷史就經(jīng)終結(jié)。相反,到了漢代,烽火臺的建設(shè)規(guī)模更大了,使用規(guī)則也進(jìn)一步完備了。用土木筑成的被稱為“烽燧”的烽火臺,在邊陲重鎮(zhèn)和交通要道上隨處可見。今天,在新疆庫車縣境內(nèi),還留存著一座漢代烽燧,其雄偉的氣勢可使我們約略窺見當(dāng)時烽火通信的盛狀。那時,烽火臺的使用也有了較為完備的規(guī)則。白天發(fā)現(xiàn)有外敵入侵時,哨兵就在烽燧上燃起柴草或狼糞,其煙直上不散,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地就能被人看見,人們稱之為“狼煙”或“烽煙”;夜間則點(diǎn)燃柴草,以火光報警。點(diǎn)燃的烽火還可以悄悄告訴你一些簡單的信息:放一道烽火,表示入侵者在500人以下;放兩道烽火,則表示入侵者在500人以上。
⑥在古代,烽火總是與戰(zhàn)爭聯(lián)系在一起,烽火出現(xiàn),便意味著戰(zhàn)爭來臨。南朝吳均有詩句“羽檄起邊庭,烽火亂如螢”,大意是說軍情文書從邊疆傳來,報警的烽火像螢火蟲一樣亂飛;唐代大詩人杜甫的《春望》中也有“烽火連三月,家書抵萬金”的名句。這些都是當(dāng)時緊張氣氛的生動寫照。
⑦之所以在戰(zhàn)爭中使用烽火,是因?yàn)樗鼈鬟f信息的速度很快。漢武帝時,大將衛(wèi)青和霍去病率大軍出征匈奴時,就以烽火作為進(jìn)軍信號。據(jù)《漢書》記載,僅一天時間,烽火信號便可以從當(dāng)時的河西(今甘肅。﹤鞯竭|東,途經(jīng)千余里。
⑧用烽火報警的通信方式一直延續(xù)了多個朝代,直至清朝末年。隨著電報、電話等現(xiàn)代通信方式的出現(xiàn),古老的烽火通信終于銷聲匿跡,退出了歷史舞臺。(取材于陳芳烈的作品)
【1】根據(jù)拼音,在田字格中正確、規(guī)范、美觀地填寫漢字,并解釋這個詞語。(2分)
無動于zhōng
釋義:
【2】結(jié)合全文,簡要說說我國“烽火通信”方式從出現(xiàn)到消亡的過程。(3分)
【3】第⑤段和第⑦段中兩個加點(diǎn)的詞語分別體現(xiàn)出說明文語言的什么特點(diǎn)?請加以分析。(4分)
⑴悄悄告訴:
⑵據(jù)《漢書》記載:
【4】第⑥段和第⑦段的順序能否調(diào)換?為什么?請結(jié)合其內(nèi)容加以分析。(3分)
【5】作者在說明過程中或講述故事,或引用詩句,請任選一個方面,請舉例分析其作用。(3分)
【答案】
【1】衷(1分) 心里一點(diǎn)不受感動(一點(diǎn)也不動心)(說出大意即可,1分)
【2】答案示例:(大約)西周時期,烽火臺出現(xiàn);漢代,烽火臺建設(shè)規(guī)模更大,使用規(guī)則進(jìn)一步完善;清朝末年,延續(xù)使用多個朝代的烽火通信方式消失。
【3】答案示例:⑴“悄悄告訴”運(yùn)用擬人的修辭手法,將“烽火臺”擬人化,(1分)體現(xiàn)出說明文語言生動形象的特點(diǎn)(1分)。⑵“據(jù)《漢書》記載”說明烽火一天傳遞千余里的說法是有據(jù)可查的(1分),體現(xiàn)出說明文語言準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)(1分)。
【4】答案示例:不能。因?yàn)榈?/span>⑥段說明烽火與戰(zhàn)爭緊密相連這一現(xiàn)象(1分),第⑦段解釋其原因(1分),兩段之間體現(xiàn)了從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)的邏輯關(guān)系,符合人們的認(rèn)知規(guī)律(1分),所以不能調(diào)換。
【5】答案示例1:文中講述烽火戲諸侯的歷史故事(1分),(運(yùn)用舉例子的說明方法,)具體說明烽火臺在古代戰(zhàn)爭中的報警作用(1分)。這親寫使文章內(nèi)容更加生動,增加文章的可讀性,提高讀者的閱讀興趣(1分)。答案示例2:文中引用吳均的詩句“羽檄起邊庭,烽火亂如螢”(杜甫的詩句“烽火連三月,家書抵萬金”)(1分),(運(yùn)用引用的說明方法,)具體真實(shí)地說明在古代烽火是與戰(zhàn)爭密切相連的(1分)。這樣寫增加了文章的文學(xué)色彩(可讀性),提高讀者的閱讀興趣(1分)。
【解析】
【1】
試題分析:首先要讀準(zhǔn)拼音,注意易錯的聲韻母,如平舌音和翹舌音的區(qū)別,前后鼻韻母的區(qū)別。寫漢字時注意不要寫錯別字,區(qū)別同音字形似字的偏旁部首的易錯點(diǎn)。筆劃要清楚,寫成方塊字,不要潦草,偏旁部首比例要合適,在格中的位置要正確。根據(jù)所學(xué)積累判斷詞義即可。
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